scholarly journals Novel Growth Age Characterization for Fresh Herbal Ginseng Based on Quantitative Counting of the Calcium Oxalate Crystals through FEG-ESEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 8389
Author(s):  
Siqing Fan ◽  
Yong Huang ◽  
Puxin Gao ◽  
Chunsong Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Counting Method ◽  
Multiple Methods ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Rapid Characterization ◽  
First Time ◽  
Chemical Testing

To reveal the accumulation of the calcium oxalate crystals (COH Crystals) during the growth and development of the taproot of Panax ginseng, and develop a novel and rapid characterization method to evaluate the growth age of commercial ginseng, multiple methods in micro characterization techniques of SAXS, Micro-CT, FEG-ESEM and Micro-Raman were used to identify the COH Crystals and establish a quantitative counting method for growth age identification. In this study, a cross-analysis with multiple methods proved for the first time with a Raman and Energy spectrum that the high-density particles widely distributed in the parenchyma cells of the xylem and cortex are COH Crystals; we also first realized quantitative counting of the COH Crystals on the cross-section of fresh ginseng samples. Moreover, catering to the testing requirements of the modern trading of fresh ginseng products, we also specifically established an interesting and useful mathematical equation (Y = 2.3797X − 1.2404) for growth age identification. The technology and strategy in this study effectively compensated for the shortcomings of chemical testing and other methods in technical limitations; hence, the application of more ginseng varieties to perform the technical optimization is expected.

Bark Structure of the Southern African Icacinaceae

IAWA Journal ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Potgieter ◽  
A.E. van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
African Species ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Prismatic Crystal ◽  
Bark Anatomy ◽  
Bark Structure ◽  
Crystal Arrangement ◽  
First Time

A description of the bark structure of southern African species of Apodytes and Cassinopsis is presented for the first time. Bark anatomy was found useful in distinguishing between species, especially in the genus Apodytes. Fibres, associated with sclereids, are found exclusively in Apodytes spec. nov. B, whereas A. dimidiata subsp. dimidiata and Apodytes spec. nov. A contain only sclereids. Fibres are abundant in Cassinopsis tinifolia, but sparse in C. ilicifolia. Wreathing of the sclerenchyma by calcium oxalate crystals occurs in all three species of Apodytes, but not in Cassinopsis. Apodytes contains prismatic crystals as opposed to druses in Cassinopsis. Apodytes dimidiata subsp. dimidiata and Apodytes spec. nov. A show a prismatic crystal arrangement, consisting of crystalliferous cells with a large centralised prismatic crystal surrounded by numerous small peripheral crystals. Chambered cystalliferous strands occur in Cassinopsis, but not in Apodytes. Bark anatomically Apodytes spec. nov. A shows a closer correlation with A. dimidiata than with the other species.

Micro-CT observations of the 3D distribution of calcium oxalate crystals in cotyledons during maturation and germination inLotus miyakojimaeseeds

Microscopy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Yamauchi ◽  
Daisuke Tamaoki ◽  
Masato Hayami ◽  
Miyuki Takeuchi ◽  
Ichirou Karahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Crystals

Calcium Oxalate Crystals in the Fusiform Cells of the Cambium of Gmelina Arborea

IAWA Journal ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.P. Deshpande ◽  
A.K. Vishwakarma
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Western India ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Short Needle

Short, needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals have been observed in the fusiform cells throughout the cambial zone in the bark of Gmelina arborea Roxb., a deciduous tree in western India. They are similar to the crystals found in ray cells of the cambium and in axial and ray parenchyma cells in the secondary phloem of this tree. The crystals are most abundant when the cambium is inactive. During the period of meristernatic activity there is an overall reduction in their density in the bark, particularly in the inner bark where fusiform cambial cells and axial parenchyma cells in the conducting zone of phloem appear practically free of any crystals. However, ray initials and their derivatives in the phloem possess some crystals at all times. The occurrence of calcium oxalate deposits in a meristem and the reversible nature of these deposits support the view that they represent areserve of calcium rather than a waste product.

Seasonal Presence of Acicular Calcium Oxalate Crystals in the Cambial Zone of Citharexylum Myrianthum (Verbenaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Regina Marcati ◽  
Veronica Angyalossy
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Ray Cell

This study focuses on the seasonal presence of acicular crystals in the cambial zone of Citharexylum myrianthum Cham. (Verbenaceae). Specimens collected in different months from 1996 to 2000 were examined for the abundance of acicular crystals in the cambium. This information was correlated with the phenology of the species and the climate of the region. Acicular calcium oxalate crystals were found in cambial fusiform and ray cell initials, as well as in their daughter cells. An abundance of crystals was observed during periods of water deficit and leaffall (July). Fewer crystals were found in the beginning of the wet season and bud swelling (September). When trees were ftowering and the soil was wet (November and December), acicular crystals were rarely observed. During this period, acicular crystals were found in differentiating phloem and xylem parenchyma cells, in fully differentiated phloem cells, but not in fully differentiated xylem cells.

scholarly journals Identification of intracellular calcium oxalate crystals in Chamelaucium uncinatum (Myrtaceae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Macnish ◽  
Donald E. Irving ◽  
Daryl C. Joyce ◽  
Vasanthe Vithanage ◽  
Alan H. Wearing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Raman Microprobe ◽  
Polarised Light ◽  
Acid Solubility ◽  
Soluble Calcium ◽  
Chamelaucium Uncinatum

Intracellular inclusions in the pedicel and calyx-tube tissues of Chamelaucium uncinatum Schauer (Myrtaceae) flowers are irregular in shape. They were shown, by polarised light and scanning electron microscopy, to be birefringent 8.9–29.5 μm druse (i.e. aggregate) crystals. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that these crystals were predominantly composed of calcium. Histochemical and acid-solubility tests indicated that the crystals were calcium oxalate. Raman microprobe spectroscopy was used to confirm this chemical identity. The calcium oxalate crystals were located in xylem-vessel lumens and also in parenchyma cells adjacent to vascular tissues. Thus, the crystals may function to regulate soluble calcium concentrations in C. uncinatum tissues near sites where calcium is unloaded from the xylem.

An SEM study of raphide crystal initials in the leaves of vitis (grape)

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 984-985
Author(s):  
H. J. Arnott ◽  
M. A. Webb ◽  
L. E. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Crystal Cells ◽  
Crystal Idioblast

Many papers have been published on the structure of calcium oxalate crystals in plants, however, few deal with the early development of crystals. Large numbers of idioblastic calcium oxalate crystal cells are found in the leaves of Vitis mustangensis, V. labrusca and V. vulpina. A crystal idioblast, or raphide cell, will produce 150-300 needle-like calcium oxalate crystals within a central vacuole. Each raphide crystal is autonomous, having been produced in a separate membrane-defined crystal chamber; the idioblast''s crystal complement is collectively embedded in a water soluble glycoprotein matrix which fills the vacuole. The crystals are twins, each having a pointed and a bidentate end (Fig 1); when mature they are about 0.5-1.2 μn in diameter and 30-70 μm in length. Crystal bundles, i.e., crystals and their matrix, can be isolated from leaves using 100% ETOH. If the bundles are treated with H2O the matrix surrounding the crystals rapidly disperses.

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