Abdominal skin subcutaneous fat thickness over the gestational period in Korean pregnant women: a descriptive observational study

Purpose: Although insulin is usually injected into the abdominal subcutaneous fat, in pregnancy women tend to avoid abdominal injections due to concern about fetal damage. Prior studies have been limited to only measuring skin-subcutaneous fat thickness (S-ScFT) at one site at specific pregnancy points. This study aimed to measure S-ScFT across several abdominal sites and over the gestational period in Korean pregnant women. This can identify which site would be relatively safe for subcutaneous injection during pregnancy. Methods: Healthy women over 24 weeks of pregnancy in Korea were invited to voluntarily participate in this descriptive study. For the 142 women, S-ScFT of 12 sites in the abdomen were measured by ultrasound, several times over the pregnancy. Each incidence was treated as a case and a total of 262 cases were analyzed.Results: The mean S-ScFT during pregnancy was 1.14±0.47 cm (1.25±0.54 cm at 24+0–27+6 weeks; 1.17±0.48 cm at 28+0–31+6 weeks; 1.09+0.40 cm at 32+0–35+6 weeks; and 1.06±0.47 cm at 36+0–40 weeks of pregnancy). Most S-ScFT were thicker than 10 mm. But S-ScFTs in the lateral abdomen and some sites were suboptimal (<6 mm), especially in the pre-pregnancy underweight body mass index group, who had a high rate of suboptimal thickness (27.1% overall and 33.9% in the lateral side). Conclusion: The whole abdomen seems to be appropriate for subcutaneous injection in most pregnant Korean women, with a 4 to 5-mm short needle. However, for the lateral abdomen, making the skin fold might be needed for fetal safety.

Learning By Doing Media Belajar Jam Dinding dalam Pembelajaran Matematika di Sekolah Dasar

The research was carried out the lock of student’s abilities in understanding time unit. Time unit is abstract, so it’is needed real object as a model to make the student understand easily.in other hand, the student should be given real activity that can be recreved easily. In order to make them understand the concept of time unit.The success of a teaching and learning process is one of the reasons due to the use of media or participation in the teaching and learning process. Because in the teaching and learning process media has an important meaning.This research used a qualitative method, and used wall clock that made by paper carton. With a wall clock made of cardboard, it is easy for students to use the clock by rotating the direction of the needle on the cardboard between the long needle and the short needle must match.

LEARNING BY DOING MEDIA BELAJAR JAM DINDING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DI KELAS 2 MIN 3 BANYUMAS

The research was carried out the lock of student’s abilities in understanding time unit. Time unit is abstract, so it’is needed real object as a model to make the student understand easily.in other hand, the student should be given real activity that can be recreved easily. In order to make them understand the concept of time unit.The success of a teaching and learning process is one of the reasons due to the use of media or participation in the teaching and learning process. Because in the teaching and learning process media has an important meaning.This research used a qualitative method, and used wall clock that made by paper carton. With a wall clock made of cardboard, it is easy for students to use the clock by rotating the direction of the needle on the cardboard between the long needle and the short needle must match.

Mesotherapy: From Historical Notes to Scientific Evidence and Future Prospects

Intradermal therapy, known as mesotherapy, is a technique used to inject a drug into the surface layer of the skin. In particular, it involves the use of a short needle to deposit the drug in the dermis. The intradermal microdeposit modulates the drug’s kinetics, slowing absorption and prolonging the local mechanism of action. It is successfully applied in the treatment of some forms of localized pain syndromes and other local clinical conditions. It could be suggested when a systemic drug-sparing effect is useful, when other therapies have failed (or cannot be used), and when it can synergize with other pharmacological or nonpharmacological therapies. Despite the lack of randomized clinical trials in some fields of application, a general consensus is also reached in nonpharmacological mechanism of action, the technique execution modalities, the scientific rationale to apply it in some indications, and the usefulness of the informed consent. The Italian Mesotherapy Society proposes this position paper to apply intradermal therapy based on scientific evidence and no longer on personal bias.

Characterization of Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Recycled Al-Si-Cu-Fe-Mn Alloys with Individual and Combined Addition of Titanium and Cerium

Individual and combined addition of Ti and Ce on the recycled Al-Si-Cu-Fe-Mn alloy was conducted. The microstructures and tensile properties of these fabricated alloys were investigated. In the case of Ti or Ce which was individually added, the added amount was ranging from 0.03 wt.% to 0.09 wt.%. The combined addition of Ti and Ce was set at the ratios of 1 : 1, 1 : 3, and 3 : 1 with a total amount of 0.12 wt.%. Microstructures and phases of these alloys were investigated by using an optical microscope, X-ray diffraction testing, and SEM coupled with EDS. The morphologies of these alloys were quantified by analyzing the SDAS value, length of secondary phases, and phases’ distribution uniformity. Tensile testing was carried out for understanding the strengthen effect of the modification process. Results show that the addition of Ce was favorable to the strength and % elongation because the coarse needle-like phase and the polyhedral phase were effectively refined. Their SDAS values and distribution factor were remarkably declined with the increase of the Ce level. The Ti addition could also refine the secondary phases and SDAS values. But its effect was not as prominent as the addition of Ce. Combined addition of Ti and Ce elements at the ratio of 1 : 3 resulted in the samples reaching maximum comprehensive tensile properties. In this case, the short needle-like phase was uniformly distributed in the microstructure. Few polyhedral phases could be found in the Al-Si-Cu-Fe-Mn matrix. The strengthening of these fabricated materials was due to the grain refinement for α-Al and modification for coarse secondary phases. In addition, distribution uniformity of secondary phases was also changed by their modification effects.

A Design of Miniature Wideband Patch Antenna Based on Computer Simulation Technology

in this paper, based on the finite element method, using the high frequency simulation software HFSS, set up simulation model, by changing the antenna model substrate medium, using slot loaded with a short needle, simulated and achieved a miniature wideband patch antenna for WCDMA, The computer simulation technology has greatly reduced the antenna design cycle and cost.