scholarly journals A Broad Overview on Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Role in the Eye: Focus on Its Repairing Effect in Cornea

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 760
Author(s):  
Grazia Maugeri ◽  
Agata Grazia D’Amico ◽  
Velia D’Agata
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Widespread Distribution ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Repairing Effect ◽  
Broad Overview

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread distribution throughout the central and peripheral nervous system as well as in many other peripheral organs. It plays cytoprotective effects mediated mainly through the activation of specific receptors. PACAP is known to play pleiotropic effects on the eye, including the cornea, protecting it against different types of insult. This review firstly provides an overview of the anatomy of the cornea and summarizes data present in literature about PACAP’s role in the eye and, in particular, in the cornea, either in physiological or pathological conditions.

Regional distributions of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its binding sites in the rat central nervous system

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Masuo ◽  
Tetsuya Ohtaki ◽  
Hirokazu Matsumoto ◽  
Yasushi Masuda ◽  
Nobuhiro Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase

scholarly journals SAT-601 Development of a Protocol for Stellate and Celiac Ganglia Dissection for Characterization of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Protein and Receptor Expression in Male and Female Mice Following Cold Acclimation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Parleen K Pandher ◽  
Ekaterina Filatov ◽  
Sarah L Gray
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Pacap Receptors

Abstract Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is being studied to understand the endocrine regulation of energy balance and has been shown to be important in the regulation of the stress response (1,2). Specifically, PACAP has been shown to regulate thermogenesis, an energy burning process regulated by the sympathetic nervous system that contributes to achieving energy homeostasis in response to cold stress and overfeeding. PACAP is expressed in the sympathetic nervous system and is required at the adrenomedullary synapse to maintain epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla in response to physiological stress (3). Across the branches of the sympathetic nervous system, PACAP receptor expression is most well characterized in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) (4). However, a detailed characterization of PACAP and its receptors has not been performed in ganglia whose postganglionic fibres innervate adipose tissues (stellate and celiac ganglia) in response to thermogenic stress. We hypothesized that PACAP is produced by preganglionic neurons innervating the stellate and celiac ganglia, and act on PACAP receptors expressed on the post-ganglionic neurons, and this expression will be upregulated in response to chronic cold stress. Due to their small and amorphous shape, we have developed a protocol to reliably isolate the stellate and celiac ganglia and validate their identity through the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA, using adrenal and SCG samples as positive controls. PACAP receptor expression (VPAC1, VPAC2, PAC1) was examined in the ganglia utilizing real-time PCR, and PACAP protein was visualized in the ganglia of transgenic mice that express eGFP under the control of the PACAP promoter (PACAP-eGFP mice) (5). This research demonstrates the expression of PACAP receptors in ganglia whose postganglionic fibres innervate adipose tissue, enhancing our understanding of PACAP’s role in the SNS, and its contribution to the regulation of adaptive thermogenesis. References: (1) Gray et al., Pacap: Regulator of the stress response. In: Fink G, ed. Stress: Physiology, biochemistry, and pathology. 2019:279-291. (2) Mustafa, Adv Pharmacol. San Diego, Calif:445-457. (3) Eiden et al., Pflungers Arch. 2018 Jan;470(1):79-88. (4) Braas et al., J Biol Chem. 1999 Sep 24;274(39):27702-27710. (5) Condro et al., J Comp Neurol. 2016 Dec 15; 524(18):3827-3848.

scholarly journals Functional Role of Non-Muscle Myosin II in Microglia: An Updated Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6687
Author(s):  
Chiara Porro ◽  
Antonio Pennella ◽  
Maria Antonietta Panaro ◽  
Teresa Trotta
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Myosin Ii ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Muscle Myosin ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Myosins are a remarkable superfamily of actin-based motor proteins that use the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to translocate actin filaments and to produce force. Myosins are abundant in different types of tissues and involved in a large variety of cellular functions. Several classes of the myosin superfamily are expressed in the nervous system; among them, non-muscle myosin II (NM II) is expressed in both neurons and non-neuronal brain cells, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells, and microglia. In the nervous system, NM II modulates a variety of functions, such as vesicle transport, phagocytosis, cell migration, cell adhesion and morphology, secretion, transcription, and cytokinesis, as well as playing key roles during brain development, inflammation, repair, and myelination functions. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of recent emerging roles of NM II in resting and activated microglia cells, the principal regulators of immune processes in the central nervous system (CNS) in both physiological and pathological conditions. When stimulated, microglial cells react and produce a number of mediators, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, free radicals, and nitric oxide, that enhance inflammation and contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibition of NM II could be a new therapeutic target to treat or to prevent CNS diseases.

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