A Model for SynbioticActivity Evaluation: Static and Continuous Co-Culture Fermentation of BifidobacteriumAdolescentis ATCC 15703 and Bacillus Cereus ATCC 9634

In this study, the ability of a probioticstrain (BifidobacteriumadolescentisATCC 15703) to inhibit the growth of the common food contaminantBacilluscereusATCC 9634was studied, both individually and as part of a synbiotic with FOS during batch or continuous fermentation (flow fermentation). The conditions of the flow fermentation corresponded to the parameters of the human large intestine: maintaining a pH of 6.8; anaerobiosis; and a medium flow rate of 0.04 h−1. Bifidobacteria and bacilli were co-cultivated on a prebiotic carbohydrate substrate (10 g/L) and the prebiotic was replaced with glucose (10 g/L).The results of the batch and flow fermentation were compared.The synbiotic efficacy of the probioticBif. adolescentisand the prebiotic FOSagainst the common food contaminantBac. cereuswas shown for all conditions. Fermentation of a pure culture of bifidobacteria with varying prebiotic concentrations (2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/L) was carried out to study the state of dynamic balance. It was demonstrated that 48 hours is enough to achieve stable dynamic balance.Prebiotics were co-cultivated with varying carbohydrate concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 g/L.The results showed that increasing the prebiotic concentration increased the duration of the lag-phase and reduced the final number of bacilli. Keywords: probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, gastrointestinal tract modeling, antagonism, co-culture fermentation

Butyric acid (butyrate)

Бутановая кислота - одна из короткоцепочечных жирных кислот (КЖК). Присутствует в молочных продуктах и сливочном масле, поэтому имеет второе название - масляная (бутират). Как и другие КЖК, образуется в толстом кишечнике человека местной анаэробной флорой из грубой растительной пищи - пищевых волокон. Собственные пищеварительные механизмы человека не способны создавать КЖК. Эти кислоты - главный источник энергии для микрофлоры толстого кишечника и обеспечивают около 15% общих энергозатрат тела. Бутират проникает во многие среды организма, служит сигнальной молекулой множества физиологических и патологических процессов. Достаточная продукция бутирата толстым кишечником - свидетельство нормального состояния кишечной микробиоты, существенно влияющей и даже определяющей развитие (или не развитие) многих болезней, в том числе нейроиммунных: болезней Альцгеймера и Паркинсона, шизофрении, множественного склероза, аутизма и расстройств аутистического спектра. В арсенале современной медицины опосредованные микробиомом влияния могут быть наиболее выполнимыми и действенными способами профилактики и лечения. Butyric acid, also known as butyrate, is one of the short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). It is present in dairy products and, especially, in butter. Like other SCFA, butyrate is formed in the human large intestine from coarse, vegetable fiber by the local anaerobic flora. The digestive mechanisms are not capable of creating SCFA. These acids are the main source of energy for the microflora in the large intestine, and they also provide about 15% of the total energy consumed by the body. Butyrate penetrates many body environments, and it serves as a signaling molecule for many physiological and pathological processes. Normal production of butyrate by the large intestine is evidence of the normal state of the intestinal microbiota, which significantly affects and even determines the development, or not the development, of many diseases. Among these are neuroimmune diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, autism and autism spectrum disorders. In the arsenal of modern medicine, microbiome-mediated influences may be among the most feasible and effective preventive and therapeutic means.

A systematic review of the effect of dietary pulses on microbial populations inhabiting the human gut

Pulses are dry leguminous crops consisting of beans, lentils, chickpeas, and peas. They are a broad category of food that are often aggregated when their contribution to healthy dietary patterns are disseminated. However, the different genera and varieties of pulses vary in composition and are consumed in different amounts, largely dictated by geographic region and ethnicity. Given the number of pulse-derived components, including fibre, that have the capacity to alter the composition of the gut microbiome, the objective of this study was to systematically review dietary pulses and pulse-derived ingredients as a broader food group, to determine their effect on gut microbiota in humans. Major scientific databases were used to conduct the search, which spanned from 1990 until February 2019. The search strategy identified 2,444 articles and five studies were included in this analysis. Two studies used whole pulses (chickpeas and pinto beans), one study used cooked navy bean powder, and the two remaining studies used pulse-derived fibre (lupin or yellow pea hulls). Although inconsistent, some studies demonstrated that whole pulses (pinto beans and chickpeas), cooked navy bean powder, and pulse-derived fibre (lupin kernel fibre), did impose changes to the microbiota that inhabit the human large intestine. However, there was considerable variability concerning the methodologies and endpoints used to decipher the observed effects on the abundance, diversity, and/or richness of specific microbiota or the microbiome. More extensive human studies that directly link the effects of specific types of pulses on the gastrointestinal microbial environment to health outcomes in the host are required.

Man-made load of industrial environment and its impact on human microbiota

People are exposed to a significant amount of man-made hazards upon contact with technological systems, and foundry engineering industrial sites belong undoubtedly to such systems. Foundry shops are characterized by high noise and temperature thresholds that affect the human body. Unsatisfactory condition of the air is considered to be an acute problem in foundry engineering. In this connection, the state of air and its composition change, which can certainly affect health of workers, and the latter may be seen in the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous systems, and digestive organs functional changes. However, up to date, the effect of health hazards of foundry engineering on the microbiocenosis of human intestine remains poorly studied. The paper apprizes the microbiota of human large intestine being exposed to integrated effects of foundry engineering factors. A structural change of the intestinal coenotype accompanied by a change of absolute dominants and opportunistic microorganisms appearance is established. Intestinal microbiocenosis disorder is accompanied by a high detectability of parasitic protozoa Blastocystis spp. in the sampling material. The obtained blastocyst isolates have pathogenic properties of varying degree of manifestation, which indicates their unequal etiological significance in the development of the pathological process. The isolated strains of protozoa have a high anti-interferon activity characterizing their persistent properties. This characteristic brings along the displacement of normal symbionts by blastocysts and colonization of the intestinal mucous membranes with these protozoa.

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF BIFIDOFLORA OF INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA IN ASSOCIATIVE SYMBIOSIS OF HUMAN

Aim. Aim of the research is the identification of functional groups of human gut bifidoflora based on analysis of the spectrum of metabolites features, proteome, bioprofile, immunoregulatory properties and the ability to differentiate «self/non-self» among the associative microbiota. Materials and methods. The materials are 260 strains ofbifidobacteria isolated from 122 intestinal microsymbiocenoses. Experimental studies were carried out using bacteriological, chromatographic and immunological methods. Statistical processing of material is carried out by means of the package Statistica 10.0 using of k-cluster analysis and discriminant method. Results. As a result ofthe work, 3 clusters containing strains of various types of bifidobacteria were identified. The first cluster was represented by B. bifidum and was characterized by the antipeptide activity of the strains with respect to FNO-a and INF-y, IL-10. In the second cluster of the B. longum culture predominated, where the parameters of the backbone factor of microsymbiocenosis, the ability to microbial recognition, antagonistic activity and production of acetic acid were significant. In the third cluster the species composition of bifidobacteria was diverse and products of butyric, caproic acids and their isoforms were the informative tests. Conclusion. The key function of bifido-flora in the regulation of the homeostasis of the intestinal biotope is realized by the formation of functional clusters, among which the first group participates in the formation of the cytokine balance, the second group is responsible for the discrimination of associative microbiota and direct protection of the biotope from pathogens, and the third is necessary to maintain the barrier metabolic function of enterocytes in the human large intestine.