scholarly journals Origins and Spatial Distribution of Non-Pure Sulfate Particles (NSPs) in the Stratosphere Detected by the Balloon-Borne Light Optical Aerosols Counter (LOAC)

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1031
Author(s):  
Jean-Baptiste Renard ◽  
Gwenaël Berthet ◽  
Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd ◽  
Sergey Beresnev ◽  
Alain Miffre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Dust Cloud ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Interplanetary Dust ◽  
Meteor Shower ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Large Particles ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Aerosol Counter

While water and sulfuric acid droplets are the main component of stratospheric aerosols, measurements performed for about 30 years have shown that non-sulfate particles (NSPs) are also present. Such particles, released from the Earth mainly through volcanic eruptions, pollution or biomass burning, or coming from space, present a wide variety of compositions, sizes, and shapes. To better understand the origin of NSPs, we have performed measurements with the Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC) during 151 flights under weather balloons in the 2013–2019 period reaching altitudes up to 35 km. Coupled with previous counting measurements conducted over the 2004–2011 period, the LOAC measurements indicate the presence of stratospheric layers of enhanced concentrations associated with NSPs, with a bimodal vertical repartition ranging between 17 and 30 km altitude. Such enhancements are not correlated with permanent meteor shower events. They may be linked to dynamical and photophoretic effects lifting and sustaining particles coming from the Earth. Besides, large particles, up to several tens of μm, were detected and present decreasing concentrations with increasing altitudes. All these particles can originate from Earth but also from meteoroid disintegrations and from the interplanetary dust cloud and comets.

scholarly journals The complex origin and spatial distribution of non-pure sulfate particles (NSPs) in the stratosphere

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Baptiste Renard ◽  
Gwenaël Berthet ◽  
Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd ◽  
Sergey Beresnev ◽  
Alain Miffre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Interplanetary Dust ◽  
Meteor Shower ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosols

Abstract. While droplets with pure mixtures of water and sulfuric acid are the main component of stratospheric aerosols, field measurements performed for more than 30 years have shown that non-sulfate materials, thereafter referred to by us as NSP (for Non-pure Sulfate Particles, not considering frozen material) are also present. Such materials, which are released from both the Earth through volcanic eruptions, pollution or biomass burning, and from space through interplanetary dust and micrometeoroids, present a wide variety of composition and shape, with sizes ranging from several nm to several hundreds of μm. No single instrumental technique, from ground, from airplanes, under balloons and onboard satellites using remote-sensing and in-situ instruments. can provide alone a global view of the stratospheric NSPs, which exhibit a strong variability in terms of spatial distribution and composition. To better understand the origin of the NSPs, we have performed new field measurements from mid- 2013 with the Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC) instrument during 135 flights carried out under weather balloons at various latitudes and up to altitudes of 35 km. Coupled with previous measurements obtained with the Tropospheric and Stratospheric Aerosols Counter (STAC) under stratospheric balloons in the 2004–2011 period, the LOAC measurements show the presence of stratospheric layers presenting enhanced-concentrations associated with NSPs, with a bimodal vertical repartition centered by 17 and 30 km altitude. Also, large particles are detected, with sizes up to several tens of μm, with decreasing concentrations with increasing altitudes. Such observations, which are not correlated with meteor shower events, could be due to dynamical and photophoretic effects lifting and sustaining particles mainly coming from the Earth. When combining all the detections in the stratosphere from different methods of measurements, we may conclude that the concentrations and the vertical distributions of NSPs are highly variable and do not match the estimated concentrations of material in space at Earth orbit. The paper ends by highlighting some open questions on these stratospheric materials and presents some possible new strategies for frequent measurements, to confirm that NSPs are indeed mainly of terrestrial origin, and to better circumvent the NSPs impact on stratospheric chemistry and on the Earth’s climate.

scholarly journals Photometric Axis Measurements of the Zodiacal Light at Large Elongations

1980 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
H. Tanabe ◽  
A. Takechi ◽  
A. Miyashita
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Interplanetary Dust ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Zodiacal Light ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Photoelectric Measurements ◽  
Ecliptic Longitude

Measurement of the position of the photometric axis of the zodiacal light at large elongations (90 ° < λ − λ⊙ < 270°; λ:ecliptic longitude, λ⊙: ecliptic longitude of the sun) provides information about the spatial distribution of the interplanetary dust outside the orbit of the Earth. However, modern photoelectric measurements in this part are scarce, except for the Gegenschein region, because of the observational difficulty due to faintness of this part of the zodiacal light.

ORIGIN OF THE INTERPLANETARY DUST CLOUD AROUND THE EARTH

AIAA Journal ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 2209-2212 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. RUSKOL
Keyword(s):  
Dust Cloud ◽  
Interplanetary Dust ◽  
The Earth

scholarly journals IMEM2: a meteoroid environment model for the inner solar system

2019 ◽  
Vol 628 ◽  
pp. A109 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Soja ◽  
E. Grün ◽  
P. Strub ◽  
M. Sommer ◽  
M. Millinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Dust Cloud ◽  
Interplanetary Dust ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Source Populations ◽  
Asteroidal Dust ◽  
Dust Complex

Context. The interplanetary dust complex is currently understood to be largely the result of dust production from Jupiter-family comets, with contributions also from longer-period comets (Halley- and Oort-type) and collisionally produced asteroidal dust. Aims. Here we develop a dynamical model of the interplanetary dust cloud from these source populations in order to develop a risk and hazard assessment tool for interplanetary meteoroids in the inner solar system. Methods. The long-duration (1 Myr) integrations of dust grains from Jupiter-family and Halley-type comets and main belt asteroids were used to generate simulated distributions that were compared to COBE infrared data, meteor data, and the diameter distribution of lunar microcraters. This allowed the constraint of various model parameters. Results. We present here the first attempt at generating a model that can simultaneously describe these sets of observations. Extended collisional lifetimes are found to be necessary for larger (radius ≥ 150 μm) particles. The observations are best fit with a differential size distribution that is steep (slope = 5) for radii ≥ 150 μm, and shallower (slope = 2) for smaller particles. At the Earth the model results in ~ 90–98% Jupiter-family comet meteoroids, and small contributions from asteroidal and Halley-type comet particles. In COBE data we find an approximately 80% contribution from Jupiter-family comet meteoroids and 20% from asteroidal particles. The resulting flux at the Earth is mostly within a factor of about two to three of published measurements.

scholarly journals A likely detection of a local interplanetary dust cloud passing near the Earth in the AKARI mid-infrared all-sky map

2017 ◽  
Vol 603 ◽  
pp. A82
Author(s):  
D. Ishihara ◽  
T. Kondo ◽  
H. Kaneda ◽  
T. Suzuki ◽  
K. Nakamichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dust Cloud ◽  
Interplanetary Dust ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
The Earth

scholarly journals Volcanically extruded phosphides as an abiotic source of Venusian phosphine

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (29) ◽  
pp. e2021689118
Author(s):  
N. Truong ◽  
J. I. Lunine
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Active Volcanism ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Venusian Atmosphere

We hypothesize that trace amounts of phosphides formed in the mantle are a plausible abiotic source of the Venusian phosphine observed by Greaves et al. [Nat. Astron., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-020-1174-4 (2020)]. In this hypothesis, small amounts of phosphides (P3− bound in metals such as iron), sourced from a deep mantle, are brought to the surface by volcanism. They are then ejected into the atmosphere in the form of volcanic dust by explosive volcanic eruptions, which were invoked by others to explain the episodic changes of sulfur dioxide seen in the atmosphere [Esposito, Science 223, 1072–1074 (1984)]. There they react with sulfuric acid in the aerosol layer to form phosphine (2 P3− + 3H2SO4 = 2PH3 + 3SO42-). We take issue with the conclusion of Bains et al. [arXiv:2009.06499 (2020)] that the volcanic rates for such a mechanism would have to be implausibly high. We consider a mantle with the redox state similar to the Earth, magma originating deep in the mantle—a likely scenario for the origin of plume volcanism on Venus—and episodically high but plausible rates of volcanism on a Venus bereft of plate tectonics. We conclude that volcanism could supply an adequate amount of phosphide to produce phosphine. Our conclusion is supported by remote sensing observations of the Venusian atmosphere and surface that have been interpreted as indicative of currently active volcanism.

scholarly journals Quantum Genetic Terrain Algorithm (Q-GTA): A Technique to Study the Evolution of the Earth Using Quantum Genetic Algorithm

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Pranjal Sharma ◽  
Ankit Agarwal ◽  
Bhawna Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Isotopic Fractionation ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
Isotopic Ratios ◽  
Mantle Lithosphere ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Quantum Genetic Algorithm ◽  
The Earth

In recent years, geologists have put in a lot of effort trying to study the evolution of Earth using different techniques studying rocks, gases, and water at different channels like mantle, lithosphere, and atmosphere. Some of the methods include estimation of heat flux between the atmosphere and sea ice, modeling global temperature changes, and groundwater monitoring networks. That being said, algorithms involving the study of Earth’s evolution have been a debated topic for decades. In addition, there is distinct research on the mantle, lithosphere, and atmosphere using isotopic fractionation, which this paper will take into consideration to form genes at the former stage. This factor of isotopic fractionation could be molded in QGA to study the Earth’s evolution. We combined these factors because the gases containing these isotopes move from mantle to lithosphere or atmosphere through gaps or volcanic eruptions contributing to it. We are likely to use the Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd ratios to study the evolution of these channels. This paper, in general, provides the idea of gathering some information about temperature changes by using isotopic ratios as chromosomes, in QGA the chromosomes depict the characteristic of a generation. Here these ratios depict the temperature characteristic and other steps of QGA would be molded to study these ratios in the form of temperature changes, which would further signify the evolution of Earth based on the study that temperature changes with the change in isotopic ratios. This paper will collect these distinct studies and embed them into an upgraded quantum genetic algorithm called Quantum Genetic Terrain Algorithm or Quantum GTA.

scholarly journals Gravitational differentiation in the regimes from stokes settling to Rayleigh–Raylor flows

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
V. P. Trubitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Viscous Fluid ◽  
Interacting Particles ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Continuous Transition ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Earth's Core ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Large Particles ◽  
Two Component

The Earth’s core was formed under gravitational differentiation in the course of the separation of iron and silicates. Most of the iron has gone into the core as early as when the Earth was growing. However, iron continued to precipitate even during the subsequent partial solidification which developed from the bottom upwards. At the different stages and in the different layers of the mantle, iron was deposited in different regimes. In this paper, the mechanisms of the deposition of a cloud of heavy interacting particles (or drops) in a viscous fluid are considered. A new approach suitable for analytical and numerical tracing the changes in the structure of the flows in a two-component suspension under continuous transition from the Stokessettling (for the case of a cloud of large particles) to the Rayleigh–Taylor flows and heavy diapirs (for the case of a cloud of small particles) is suggested. It is numerically and analytically shown that the both regimes are the different limiting cases of the sedimentation convection in suspensions.

scholarly journals Video Observation of Perseids meteor shower 2016 from Egypt

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.F. Attia ◽  
A.M. Abdelaziz ◽  
I.N. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Meteor Shower ◽  
Video Observation ◽  
Earth Atmosphere ◽  
Rapid Motion ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Video Observations

AbstractThe results of single television observations of Perseid meteor shower in 2016 are presented. The Perseid shower occurs from 17 July to 24 August, peaking on or around August 12 every year. In 2016, the peak of the Perseids was Night of Aug 11 to the morning of Aug 12. The meteor video observations in Egypt are carried out at The National Researcher Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG). The system consists of TV - cameras Watec -902H Ultimate with the lens DV10x8SA-1 (8-80 mm (10x)) capable of recording the rapid motion of meteors entering the Earth atmosphere.

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