scholarly journals The complex origin and spatial distribution of non-pure sulfate particles (NSPs) in the stratosphere

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Baptiste Renard ◽  
Gwenaël Berthet ◽  
Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd ◽  
Sergey Beresnev ◽  
Alain Miffre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Interplanetary Dust ◽  
Meteor Shower ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosols

Abstract. While droplets with pure mixtures of water and sulfuric acid are the main component of stratospheric aerosols, field measurements performed for more than 30 years have shown that non-sulfate materials, thereafter referred to by us as NSP (for Non-pure Sulfate Particles, not considering frozen material) are also present. Such materials, which are released from both the Earth through volcanic eruptions, pollution or biomass burning, and from space through interplanetary dust and micrometeoroids, present a wide variety of composition and shape, with sizes ranging from several nm to several hundreds of μm. No single instrumental technique, from ground, from airplanes, under balloons and onboard satellites using remote-sensing and in-situ instruments. can provide alone a global view of the stratospheric NSPs, which exhibit a strong variability in terms of spatial distribution and composition. To better understand the origin of the NSPs, we have performed new field measurements from mid- 2013 with the Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC) instrument during 135 flights carried out under weather balloons at various latitudes and up to altitudes of 35 km. Coupled with previous measurements obtained with the Tropospheric and Stratospheric Aerosols Counter (STAC) under stratospheric balloons in the 2004–2011 period, the LOAC measurements show the presence of stratospheric layers presenting enhanced-concentrations associated with NSPs, with a bimodal vertical repartition centered by 17 and 30 km altitude. Also, large particles are detected, with sizes up to several tens of μm, with decreasing concentrations with increasing altitudes. Such observations, which are not correlated with meteor shower events, could be due to dynamical and photophoretic effects lifting and sustaining particles mainly coming from the Earth. When combining all the detections in the stratosphere from different methods of measurements, we may conclude that the concentrations and the vertical distributions of NSPs are highly variable and do not match the estimated concentrations of material in space at Earth orbit. The paper ends by highlighting some open questions on these stratospheric materials and presents some possible new strategies for frequent measurements, to confirm that NSPs are indeed mainly of terrestrial origin, and to better circumvent the NSPs impact on stratospheric chemistry and on the Earth’s climate.

scholarly journals Origins and Spatial Distribution of Non-Pure Sulfate Particles (NSPs) in the Stratosphere Detected by the Balloon-Borne Light Optical Aerosols Counter (LOAC)

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1031
Author(s):  
Jean-Baptiste Renard ◽  
Gwenaël Berthet ◽  
Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd ◽  
Sergey Beresnev ◽  
Alain Miffre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Dust Cloud ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Interplanetary Dust ◽  
Meteor Shower ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Large Particles ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Aerosol Counter

While water and sulfuric acid droplets are the main component of stratospheric aerosols, measurements performed for about 30 years have shown that non-sulfate particles (NSPs) are also present. Such particles, released from the Earth mainly through volcanic eruptions, pollution or biomass burning, or coming from space, present a wide variety of compositions, sizes, and shapes. To better understand the origin of NSPs, we have performed measurements with the Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC) during 151 flights under weather balloons in the 2013–2019 period reaching altitudes up to 35 km. Coupled with previous counting measurements conducted over the 2004–2011 period, the LOAC measurements indicate the presence of stratospheric layers of enhanced concentrations associated with NSPs, with a bimodal vertical repartition ranging between 17 and 30 km altitude. Such enhancements are not correlated with permanent meteor shower events. They may be linked to dynamical and photophoretic effects lifting and sustaining particles coming from the Earth. Besides, large particles, up to several tens of μm, were detected and present decreasing concentrations with increasing altitudes. All these particles can originate from Earth but also from meteoroid disintegrations and from the interplanetary dust cloud and comets.

scholarly journals Photometric Axis Measurements of the Zodiacal Light at Large Elongations

1980 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
H. Tanabe ◽  
A. Takechi ◽  
A. Miyashita
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Interplanetary Dust ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Zodiacal Light ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Photoelectric Measurements ◽  
Ecliptic Longitude

Measurement of the position of the photometric axis of the zodiacal light at large elongations (90 ° < λ − λ⊙ < 270°; λ:ecliptic longitude, λ⊙: ecliptic longitude of the sun) provides information about the spatial distribution of the interplanetary dust outside the orbit of the Earth. However, modern photoelectric measurements in this part are scarce, except for the Gegenschein region, because of the observational difficulty due to faintness of this part of the zodiacal light.

scholarly journals Satellite Measured Ionospheric Magnetic Field Variations over Natural Hazards Sites

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2360
Author(s):  
Christoph Schirninger ◽  
Hans U. Eichelberger ◽  
Werner Magnes ◽  
Mohammed Y. Boudjada ◽  
Konrad Schwingenschuh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Magnetic Field Measurements ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Magnetic Field Variations

Processes and threats related to natural hazards play an important role in the evolution of the Earth and in human history. The purpose of this study is to investigate magnetic field variations measured at low Earth orbit (LEO) altitudes possibly associated with earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and artificial outbursts. We focus on two missions with well equipped magnetometer packages, the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) and ESA’s three spacecraft Swarm fleet. After a natural hazards survey in the context of this satellites, and consideration of external magnetospheric and solar influences, together with spacecraft interferences, wavelet analysed spatio-temporal patterns in ionospheric magnetic field variations related to atmospheric waves are examined in detail. We provide assessment of the links between specific lithospheric or near surface sources and ionospheric magnetic field measurements. For some of the diverse events the achieved statistical results show a change in the pattern between pre- and post-event periods, we show there is an increase in the fluctuations for the higher frequency (smaller scales) components. Our results are relevant to studies which establish a link between space based magnetic field measurements and natural hazards.

Chilling Out

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Livermore
Keyword(s):  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Ocean Currents ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Continental Rifts ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
The One ◽  
Tectonic Forces

The Earth’s climate changes naturally on all timescales. At the short end of the spectrum—hours or days—it is affected by sudden events such as volcanic eruptions, which raise the atmospheric temperature directly, and also indirectly, by the addition of greenhouse gases such as water vapour and carbon dioxide. Over years, centuries, and millennia, climate is influenced by changes in ocean currents that, ultimately, are controlled by the geography of ocean basins. On scales of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, the Earth’s orbit around the Sun is the crucial influence, producing glaciations and interglacials, such as the one in which we live. Longer still, tectonic forces operate over millions of years to produce mountain ranges like the Himalayas and continental rifts such as that in East Africa, which profoundly affect atmospheric circulation, creating deserts and monsoons. Over tens to hundreds of millions of years, plate movements gradually rearrange the continents, creating new oceans and destroying old ones, making and breaking land and sea connections, assembling and disassembling supercontinents, resulting in fundamental changes in heat transport by ocean currents. Finally, over the very long term—billions of years—climate reflects slow changes in solar luminosity as the planet heads towards a fiery Armageddon. All but two of these controls are direct or indirect consequences of plate tectonics.

scholarly journals Quantum Genetic Terrain Algorithm (Q-GTA): A Technique to Study the Evolution of the Earth Using Quantum Genetic Algorithm

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Pranjal Sharma ◽  
Ankit Agarwal ◽  
Bhawna Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Isotopic Fractionation ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
Isotopic Ratios ◽  
Mantle Lithosphere ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Quantum Genetic Algorithm ◽  
The Earth

In recent years, geologists have put in a lot of effort trying to study the evolution of Earth using different techniques studying rocks, gases, and water at different channels like mantle, lithosphere, and atmosphere. Some of the methods include estimation of heat flux between the atmosphere and sea ice, modeling global temperature changes, and groundwater monitoring networks. That being said, algorithms involving the study of Earth’s evolution have been a debated topic for decades. In addition, there is distinct research on the mantle, lithosphere, and atmosphere using isotopic fractionation, which this paper will take into consideration to form genes at the former stage. This factor of isotopic fractionation could be molded in QGA to study the Earth’s evolution. We combined these factors because the gases containing these isotopes move from mantle to lithosphere or atmosphere through gaps or volcanic eruptions contributing to it. We are likely to use the Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd ratios to study the evolution of these channels. This paper, in general, provides the idea of gathering some information about temperature changes by using isotopic ratios as chromosomes, in QGA the chromosomes depict the characteristic of a generation. Here these ratios depict the temperature characteristic and other steps of QGA would be molded to study these ratios in the form of temperature changes, which would further signify the evolution of Earth based on the study that temperature changes with the change in isotopic ratios. This paper will collect these distinct studies and embed them into an upgraded quantum genetic algorithm called Quantum Genetic Terrain Algorithm or Quantum GTA.

scholarly journals Video Observation of Perseids meteor shower 2016 from Egypt

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.F. Attia ◽  
A.M. Abdelaziz ◽  
I.N. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Meteor Shower ◽  
Video Observation ◽  
Earth Atmosphere ◽  
Rapid Motion ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Video Observations

AbstractThe results of single television observations of Perseid meteor shower in 2016 are presented. The Perseid shower occurs from 17 July to 24 August, peaking on or around August 12 every year. In 2016, the peak of the Perseids was Night of Aug 11 to the morning of Aug 12. The meteor video observations in Egypt are carried out at The National Researcher Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG). The system consists of TV - cameras Watec -902H Ultimate with the lens DV10x8SA-1 (8-80 mm (10x)) capable of recording the rapid motion of meteors entering the Earth atmosphere.

Effects of Continents and Supercontinents on Climate

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. W. Rogers ◽  
M. Santosh
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
The North ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Control Climate ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
Geologic Record

Continents affect the earth’s climate because they modify global wind patterns, control the paths of ocean currents, and absorb less heat than seawater. Throughout earth history the constant movement of continents and the episodic assembly of supercontinents has influenced both global climate and the climates of individual continents. In this chapter we discuss both present climate and the history of climate as far back in the geologic record as we can draw inferences. We concentrate on longterm changes that are affected by continental movements and omit discussion of processes with periodicities less than about 20,000 years. We refer readers to Clark et al. (1999) and Cronin (1999) if they are interested in such short-term processes as El Nino, periodic variations in solar irradiance, and Heinrich events. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first section describes the processes that control climate on the earth and includes a discussion of possible causes of glaciation that occurred over much of the earth at more than one time in the past. The second section investigates the types of evidence that geologists use to infer past climates. They include specific rock types that can form only under restricted climatic conditions, varieties of individual fossils, diversity of fossil populations, and information that the 18O/16O isotopic system can provide about temperatures of formation of ancient sediments. The third section recounts the history of the earth’s climate and relates changes to the growth and movement of continents. This history takes us from the Archean, when climates are virtually unknown, through various stages in the evolution of organic life, and ultimately to the causes of the present glaciation in both the north and the south polar regions. The earth’s climate is controlled both by processes that would operate even if continents did not exist and also by the positions and topographies of continents. We begin with the general controls, then discuss the specific effects of continents, and close with a brief discussion of processes that cause glaciation. The general climate of the earth is determined by the variation in the amount of sunshine received at different latitudes, by the earth’s rotation, and by the amount of arriving solar energy that is retained in the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Paleocene/Eocene carbon feedbacks triggered by volcanic activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sev Kender ◽  
Kara Bogus ◽  
Gunver K. Pedersen ◽  
Karen Dybkjær ◽  
Tamsin A. Mather ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Proxy Records ◽  
The North ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
Igneous Province ◽  
Carbon Release ◽  
Carbon Reservoir ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
North Atlantic Igneous Province

AbstractThe Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was a period of geologically-rapid carbon release and global warming ~56 million years ago. Although modelling, outcrop and proxy records suggest volcanic carbon release occurred, it has not yet been possible to identify the PETM trigger, or if multiple reservoirs of carbon were involved. Here we report elevated levels of mercury relative to organic carbon—a proxy for volcanism—directly preceding and within the early PETM from two North Sea sedimentary cores, signifying pulsed volcanism from the North Atlantic Igneous Province likely provided the trigger and subsequently sustained elevated CO2. However, the PETM onset coincides with a mercury low, suggesting at least one other carbon reservoir released significant greenhouse gases in response to initial warming. Our results support the existence of ‘tipping points’ in the Earth system, which can trigger release of additional carbon reservoirs and drive Earth’s climate into a hotter state.

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