video observations
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Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 659
Author(s):  
Camille Marie Montalcini ◽  
Bernhard Voelkl ◽  
Yamenah Gómez ◽  
Michael Gantner ◽  
Michael J. Toscano

Tracking technologies offer a way to monitor movement of many individuals over long time periods with minimal disturbances and could become a helpful tool for a variety of uses in animal agriculture, including health monitoring or selection of breeding traits that benefit welfare within intensive cage-free poultry farming. Herein, we present an active, low-frequency tracking system that distinguishes between five predefined zones within a commercial aviary. We aimed to evaluate both the processed and unprocessed datasets against a “ground truth” based on video observations. The two data processing methods aimed to filter false registrations, one with a simple deterministic approach and one with a tree-based classifier. We found the unprocessed data accurately determined birds’ presence/absence in each zone with an accuracy of 99% but overestimated the number of transitions taken by birds per zone, explaining only 23% of the actual variation. However, the two processed datasets were found to be suitable to monitor the number of transitions per individual, accounting for 91% and 99% of the actual variation, respectively. To further evaluate the tracking system, we estimated the error rate of registrations (by applying the classifier) in relation to three factors, which suggested a higher number of false registrations towards specific areas, periods with reduced humidity, and periods with reduced temperature. We concluded that the presented tracking system is well suited for commercial aviaries to measure individuals’ transitions and individuals’ presence/absence in predefined zones. Nonetheless, under these settings, data processing remains a necessary step in obtaining reliable data. For future work, we recommend the use of automatic calibration to improve the system’s performance and to envision finer movements.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-147
Author(s):  
Matilda Lindberg ◽  
Susanna Hedenborg

Swedish compulsory school education rests upon the foundation of democracy, and the Curriculum for the compulsory school, preschool class and school-age educare 2011 (Skolverket, 2018) stresses that children should have the opportunity to take initiatives. Research shows that children are not able to have any influence on activities in Physical Education and Health (PEH). Usually, they have to follow the teacher’s instructions and reproduce specific movement patterns. This article discusses a research project that challenged traditional ways of teaching PEH, in order to give 10-year-old children the opportunity to have an influence on PEH. The project involved 10 circus lessons in which the children were encouraged to explore movement and put their own ideas into practice. In terms of theory, the approach is based on Hart’s (1997) Ladder of Children’s Participation. Data were collected through participant observations, video observations, interviews, and a field diary. The results show that the children participated in varying degrees and experienced attempts to increase their influence in different ways: Some found it fun and free, while others found it difficult and boring. One important conclusion is that influence and participation need to be practised – both by children and by teachers. Circus activities, because of the playfulness and creativity involved, may be very suited to practising influence and participation..


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 651-651
Author(s):  
Lena Hammar ◽  
Gabriella Engström ◽  
Anna Swall

Abstract Persons with dementia in residential care commonly express resistance of aggressiveness. Caregivers Singing (CS) - when caregivers sing for or together with persons with dementia during caring, has shown to reduce these expressions and increase communication and cooperation. Previous studies of CS have included both persons with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and persons with Vascular dementia (VD), but no studies have been done focusing on possible differences regarding these diagnoses. As disabilities and symptoms differ between these diagnoses, the emotions and expressions, such as resistance may differ regarding response to CS. This polit study aims to describe emotions and resistiveness to care among persons with vascular or Alzheimer’s disease. Participants were five persons with AD and five persons with VD living at two different nursing homes. Video observations (VIO) occurred with them and their caregivers during morning care situations four times without CS and four times with CS. In all, 80 VIOs were rated using the Observed Emotion Rating Scale and the Resistiveness to Care Scale. These were then analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results revealed that for both persons with AD and VD, the positive emotion pleasure were never observed without CS while with CS it increased for both groups. In contrast to the positive emotion effect of CS, the negative emotions and resistiveness decreased more for persons with VD than for persons with AD. For persons with VD, the number of observations without anger increased, while observation without anger or anxiety/fear for persons with AD remind the same.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 481-481
Author(s):  
Kristine Williams ◽  
Carissa Coleman ◽  
Iman Aly ◽  
Paige Wilson

Abstract Communication is fundamental for dementia care and identifying communication behaviors is key to identifying strategies that facilitate or impede communication. To measure caregiver verbal communication, we adapted the Verbal and Nonverbal Interaction Scale for Caregivers (VNVIS-CG) for second-by-second behavioral coding of video observations. The VNVIS-CG was adapted for computer-assisted Noldus Observer coding of video interactions captured at home by family caregivers from the FamTechCare clinical trial. Operational definitions for verbal communication behaviors were developed and inter-rater reliability was excellent (Kappa = .86) using two independent coders. Videos (N=232) were coded featuring 51 dyads; caregivers were primarily female (80%) spouses (69%) of men (55%) diagnosed with moderate to severe dementia (64.7%). Mean caregiver age was 65 years. Silence occurred most frequently (44.9% of the time), followed by caregiver direction or instruction (22.6%), and the person with dementia (PWD) verbalizing (22.8%). Caregiver communication also included asking questions (14.2%), verbalizing understanding (7.9%), repeating information (2.1%), affirmations (1.0%), acknowledging emotions (0.3%), and ignoring (0.0%). Questions most commonly requested clarification, showed interest, or repetitive quizzing; few questions sought to engage PWD input (ex. offers choices, encourages emotional expression, or ask permission). Tone was overwhelmingly neutral rather than humorous, aggressive, or patronizing. The adapted behavioral coding scheme provides a reliable measure that characterizes dementia caregiver verbal communication behaviors for analysis of video observations. Ongoing research will identify strategies that facilitate communication as well as determine how strategies vary by dementia stage, diagnosis, and dyad characteristics.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 100154
Author(s):  
Sonja Schmelter ◽  
Marc Olbrich ◽  
Stanislav Knotek ◽  
Markus Bär

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 100222
Author(s):  
Marc Olbrich ◽  
Andrew Hunt ◽  
Terri Leonard ◽  
Dennis S. van Putten ◽  
Markus Bär ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 480-481
Author(s):  
Carissa Coleman ◽  
Kristine Williams ◽  
Kacie Inderhees ◽  
Michaela Richardson

Abstract Communication is fundamental for dementia care and identifying communication behaviors is key to identifying strategies that facilitate or impede communication. To measure caregiver nonverbal communication, we adapted the Verbal and Nonverbal Interaction Scale for Caregivers (VNVIS-CG) for second-by-second behavioral coding of video observations. The VNVIS-CG was adapted for computer-assisted Noldus Observer coding of video interactions captured at home by family caregivers from the FamTechCare clinical trial. Operational definitions for nonverbal communication behaviors were developed and inter-rater reliability was excellent (Kappa = .88) using two independent coders. Videos N=232 were coded featuring 51 dyads; caregivers who were primarily female (80%) spouses (69%) of men (55%) diagnosed with moderate to severe dementia (64.7%). Mean caregiver age was 65 years. Emotional tone conveyed by caregivers was primarily respectful, occurring 68.1% of the time, followed by overly nurturing (9%), bossy, harsh, or antagonistic (6.2%), and silence occurred 16.7 % of the time. Caregiver gestures and positive postures (i.e., animated facial expressions, head nodding, or caregiver body movements) were the most commonly occurring overt behaviors (46.5%), followed by changing the environment to help the PWD (19.9%), and expressing laughter/joy (18.9%). The least common nonverbal behaviors were negative posture, aggression, compassion, and rejecting. The adapted behavioral coding scheme provides a reliable measure that characterizes dementia caregiver nonverbal communication behaviors for analysis of video observations. Ongoing research will identify strategies that facilitate communication as well as determine how strategies vary by dementia stage, diagnosis, and dyad characteristics.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca E. Ross ◽  
Genoveva Gonzalez-Mirelis ◽  
Pablo Lozano ◽  
Pål Buhl-Mortensen

Sea pens are considered to be of conservation relevance according to multiple international legislations and agreements. Consequently, any information about their ecology and distribution should be of use to management decision makers. This study aims to provide such information about six taxa of sea pen in Norwegian waters [Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas, 1766), Halipteris spp., Kophobelemnon stelliferum (Müller, 1776), Pennatulidae spp., Umbellula spp., and Virgulariidae spp.]. Data exploration techniques and ensembled species distribution modelling (SDM) are applied to video observations obtained by the MAREANO project between 2006 and 2020. Norway-based ecological profiles and predicted distributions are provided and discussed. External validations and uncertainty metrics highlight model weaknesses (overfitting, limited training/external observations) and consistencies relevant to marine management. Comparison to international literature further identifies globally relevant findings: (a) disparities in the environmental profile of F. quadrangularis suggest differing “realised niches” in different locations, potentially highlighting this taxon as particularly vulnerable to impact, (b) none of the six sea pen taxa were found to consistently co-occur, instead partially overlapping environmental profiles suggests that grouping taxa as “sea pens and burrowing megafauna” should be done with caution post-analyses only, (c) higher taxonomic level groupings, while sometimes necessary due to identification issues, result in poorer quality predictive models and may mask the occurrence of rarer species. Community-based groupings are therefore preferable due to confirmed shared ecological niches while greater value should be placed on accurate species ID to support management efforts.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Salvetat ◽  
Nicolas Bez ◽  
Jeremie Habasque ◽  
Anne Lebourges-Dhaussy ◽  
Cristiano Lopez ◽  
...  

Abstract Tropical marine ecosystems are highly biodiverse and provide resources for small-scale fisheries and tourism. However, precise information on fish spatial distribution is lacking, which limits our ability to reconcile exploitation and conservation. We combined acoustics to video observations to provide a comprehensive description of fish distribution in a typical tropical environment, the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (FNA) off Northeast Brazil. We identified and classified all acoustic echoes into ten fish assemblage and two triggerfish species. This opened up the possibility to relate the spatial different spatial patterns to a series of environmental factors and the level of protection. We provide the first biomass estimation of the black triggerfish Melichthys niger, a key tropical player. By comparing the effects of euphotic and mesophotic reefs we show that more than the depth, the most important feature is the topography with the shelf break as the most important hotspot. We also complete the portrait of the island mass effect revealing a clear asymmetry. While primary productivity is higher downstream, fish concentrate upstream. The comprehensive fish distribution provided by our approach is directly usable to implement scientific-grounded Marine Spatial Planning.


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