scholarly journals Intentional Binding Effects in the Experience of Noticing the Regularity of a Perceptual-Motor Task

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 659
Author(s):  
Kazuki Hayashida ◽  
Yuki Nishi ◽  
Akihiro Masuike ◽  
Shu Morioka
Keyword(s):  
Motor Performance ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Motor Command ◽  
External World ◽  
Similar Model ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Intentional Binding ◽  
Comparator Model ◽  
Sensory Predictions ◽  
Perceptual Motor Performance

Noticing the regularity of the task is necessary to enhance motor performance. The experience of noticing further motivates improvement in motor performance. Motor control is explained by a comparator model that modifies the motor command to reduce discrepancies between sensory predictions and actual outcomes. A similar model could apply to sense of agency (SoA). SoA refers to the sensation of controlling one’s own actions and, through them, the outcomes in the external world. SoA may also be enhanced by the experience of noticing errors. We recently reported gradual enhancement of SoA in participants with high perceptual-motor performance. However, what component of the motor task changed the SoA is unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence over time of the experience of noticing during a motor task on SoA. Participants performed an implicit regularity perceptual-motor task and an intentional binding task (a method that can quantitatively measure SoA) simultaneously. We separated participants into groups after the experiment based on noticing or not noticing the regularity. SoA was gradually enhanced in the noticing group, compared with that of the non-noticing group. The results suggest that the experience of noticing may enhance SoA during perceptual-motor tasks.

scholarly journals Changes in intentional binding effect during a novel perceptual-motor task

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Morioka ◽  
Kazuki Hayashida ◽  
Yuki Nishi ◽  
Sayaka Negi ◽  
Yuki Nishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Moving Object ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Intentional Binding ◽  
Binding Effect ◽  
Target Circle ◽  
Perceptual Motor Performance ◽  
Perceptual Motor Learning

Perceptual-motor learning describes the process of improving the smoothness and accuracy of movements. Intentional binding (IB) is a phenomenon whereby the length of time between performing a voluntary action and the production of a sensory outcome during perceptual-motor control is perceived as being shorter than the reality. How IB may change over the course of perceptual-motor learning, however, has not been explicitly investigated. Here, we developed a set of IB tasks during perceptual-motor learning. Participants were instructed to stop a circular moving object by key press when it reached the center of a target circle on the display screen. The distance between the center of the target circle and the center of the moving object was measured, and the error was used to approximate the perceptual-motor performance index. This task also included an additional exercise that was unrelated to the perceptual-motor task: after pressing the key, a sound was presented after a randomly chosen delay of 200, 500, or 700 ms and the participant had to estimate the delay interval. The difference between the estimated and actual delay was used as the IB value. A cluster analysis was then performed using the error values from the first and last task to group the participants based on their perceptual-motor performance. Participants showing a very small change in error value, and thus demonstrating a small effect of perceptual-motor learning, were classified into cluster 1. Those who exhibited a large decrease in error value from the first to the last set, and thus demonstrated a strong improvement in perceptual-motor performance, were classified into cluster 2. Those who exhibited perceptual-motor learning also showed improvements in the IB value. Our data suggest that IB is elevated when perceptual-motor learning occurs.

Training with anxiety has a positive effect on expert perceptual–motor performance under pressure

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1631-1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raôul R. D. Oudejans ◽  
J. Rob Pijpers
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Dart Throwing ◽  
Perceptual Motor Performance ◽  
Climbing Wall ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Performance Under Pressure

In two experiments, we examined whether training with anxiety can prevent choking in experts performing perceptual–motor tasks. In Experiment 1, 17 expert basketball players practised free throws over a 5-week period with or without induced anxiety. Only after training with anxiety did performance no longer deteriorate during the anxiety posttest. In Experiment 2, 17 expert dart players practised dart throwing from a position high or low on a climbing wall, thus with or without anxiety. Again, only after training with anxiety was performance maintained during the anxiety posttest, despite higher levels of anxiety, heart rate, and perceived effort. It is concluded that practising under anxiety can prevent choking in expert perceptual–motor performance, as one acclimatizes to the specific processes accompanying anxiety.

Work Rhythm and Breathing Rhythm in a Repetitive Perceptual–Motor Task: The Effects of Synchronization on Performance

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1336-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Henning
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
Rest Break ◽  
Perceived Difficulty ◽  
Perceptual Motor Performance

A laboratory investigation was conducted to determine if synchronization between the work rhythm and the respiratory biorhythm benefits perceptual-motor performance. The effect of work-respiratory (W–R) synchronization on reaction time, error rate, and perceived difficulty was evaluated for a visual choice reaction time task. Interstimulus intervals were chosen to induce a work rhythm. Prior to the experiment, the task was performed in a self-paced mode so that a baseline work rate could be identified for each subject. Each subject (N=22) then performed the task at 3 machine-paced work rhythms; 1) equal to the work rhythm of the baseline work rate, 2) 33% faster than the work rhythm of the baseline work rate, and 3) 33% slower than the work rhythm of the baseline work rate. Each condition consisted of two, 4 min trials separated by a brief rest break. Work rate (in responses per minute) was held constant across conditions through adjustments in task structure. Regression analysis revealed that W–R synchronization was associated with a 1% reduction in error rate and a 15 msec reduction in reaction time. These results suggest that W–R synchronization benefits perceptual–motor performance of repetitive tasks.

Effects of Practice and Alcohol on Performance of a Perceptual-Motor Task

1987 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Maylor ◽  
P. M. A. Rabbitt
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Computer Game ◽  
Simple Computer ◽  
Perceptual Motor Performance

Practice may modify the effects of alcohol on perceptual-motor performance in at least three different ways: (1) alcohol may affect learning—that is, the rate at which performance of a skill improves with practice; (2) alcohol may have a greater effect on performance when the skill is unfamiliar than when it is practised; and (3) practice with alcohol may allow adaptation to its effects. These were investigated using a simple computer game in which subjects attempted to destroy a tank by pressing a key to release a bomb from a plane horizontally traversing the screen above it. The results demonstrated that (1) performance improved with practice; (2) with alcohol (0.8 mg/kg body weight), subjects were more variable and less accurate; (3) improvement with alcohol was greater than without alcohol, but as performance was impaired by alcohol, there was greater scope for improvement; (4) those who practised with alcohol still improved when switched to no alcohol late in practice; and (5) alcohol had the same effect early and late in practice. It is therefore concluded that there is no evidence to support any of the three suggestions outlined above.

Effect of Mass Loading on the Performance of a Linear Positioning Task

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane B. Soricelli ◽  
Richard E. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Motor Performance ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Mass Loading ◽  
Perceptual Motor Performance ◽  
Kinesthetic Information ◽  
Measures Of Performance ◽  
Load Conditions ◽  
Increasing Load

To determine the effect of mass loading on the performance of a skilled perceptual-motor task, measures of performance (in terms of number of correct responses) were obtained for 40 blindfolded undergraduate subjects on a linear positioning task under conditions of 0-gm., 909-gm., 1,818-gm., 2,727-gm., and 3,636-gm. manipulandum loads. With respect to the performance measure, the increasing load conditions produced an inverted U-function, with 1,818 gm. resulting in the best performance and 0 gm. producing the poorest performance. It was concluded that skilled perceptual-motor performance can be improved by optimizing the physical characteristics of the manipulandum. The results were interpreted in terms of the augmentation of both attention and kinesthetic information.

References for Motor Tasks—Gender Differences across Age in Motor Performance: A Meta-Analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry R. Thomas ◽  
Karen E. French
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Motor Fitness ◽  
Pursuit Rotor ◽  
Long Jump

In 1985 we published a meta-analysis of gender differences across age in motor performance in Psychological Bulletin, but it did not include an indexing of each motor task to the references from which it was obtained. This paper provides a table listing the 20 motor tasks and the references from which data for each task were taken. The range of tasks was from fundamental movements (e.g., catching, jumping, running, throwing) to motor fitness (e.g., agility, arm hang, balance, grip strength) to perceptual-motor abilities, (e.g., anticipation timing, fine eye-motor coordination, pursuit-rotor tracking, reaction time). The arm hang was represented in the fewest papers ( n = 2) while the dash and long jump were most frequently referenced ( n = 21).

Effects of Clinical Dosage Levels of Methylphenidate on Two-Flash Thresholds and Perceptual Motor Performance in Hyperactive Children

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman G. Gordon ◽  
Donald R. Kantor
Keyword(s):  
Motor Performance ◽  
Digit Symbol ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Hyperactive Children ◽  
Perceptual Motor Performance ◽  
Normal Controls

Three groups ( ns = 10) of children (normals, hyperactives, hyperactives on medication) were administered eight perceptual-motor tasks. The normal controls were significantly superior in performance in comparison with the hyperactives taken off methylphenidate on three tasks but only superior on one task (Digit Symbol) when compared to hyperactives on methylphenidate. The hyperactives on medication were also significantly superior to the hyperactives not on medication on the Digit Symbol task.

Effects of Social Reinforcement on Motor Performance of Trainable Retarded Students on Speed and Persistence Tasks

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-394
Author(s):  
Robert J. Heitman ◽  
Joseph E. Justen
Keyword(s):  
Motor Performance ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Social Reinforcement ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Mental Age ◽  
Speed Measure ◽  
Main Effects

The effects of social reinforcement on two motor tasks by 40 retarded subjects with high and low MAs were investigated. Ages ranged from 10 to 18 yr., M = 14.46 yr. Mean IQ was 46.82; mental age for the high subjects was 8.09 yr., for the low 5.45 yr. Significant main effects for social reinforcement were found for the persistence measure but none for the speed measure. The effectiveness of praise on retarded subjects' performance is related to the type of motor task used.

Perceptual-Motor Performance Related to Impulsiveness and Anxiety

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest S. Barratt
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Sensory Discrimination ◽  
Perceptual Motor Performance

Four groups of Ss were selected on the basis of varying levels of anxiety and impulsiveness and were tested on four perceptual-motor tasks. The high-impulsiveness, low-anxiety Ss consistently performed less efficiently on these tasks than did the other three groups of Ss. The results suggest that impulsiveness as a personality predisposition is related more to motor control than to sensory discrimination or cognition.

scholarly journals Congruency of Information Rather Than Body Ownership Enhances Motor Performance in Highly Embodied Virtual Reality

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid A. Odermatt ◽  
Karin A. Buetler ◽  
Nicolas Wenk ◽  
Özhan Özen ◽  
Joaquin Penalver-Andres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Immersive Virtual Reality ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Immersive Virtual Environments ◽  
Skin Response ◽  
Healthy Participants

In immersive virtual reality, the own body is often visually represented by an avatar. This may induce a feeling of body ownership over the virtual limbs. Importantly, body ownership and the motor system share neural correlates. Yet, evidence on the functionality of this neuroanatomical coupling is still inconclusive. Findings from previous studies may be confounded by the congruent vs. incongruent multisensory stimulation used to modulate body ownership. This study aimed to investigate the effect of body ownership and congruency of information on motor performance in immersive virtual reality. We aimed to modulate body ownership by providing congruent vs. incongruent visuo-tactile stimulation (i.e., participants felt a brush stroking their real fingers while seeing a virtual brush stroking the same vs. different virtual fingers). To control for congruency effects, unimodal stimulation conditions (i.e., only visual or tactile) with hypothesized low body ownership were included. Fifty healthy participants performed a decision-making (pressing a button as fast as possible) and a motor task (following a defined path). Body ownership was assessed subjectively with established questionnaires and objectively with galvanic skin response (GSR) when exposed to a virtual threat. Our results suggest that congruency of information may decrease reaction times and completion time of motor tasks in immersive virtual reality. Moreover, subjective body ownership is associated with faster reaction times, whereas its benefit on motor task performance needs further investigation. Therefore, it might be beneficial to provide congruent information in immersive virtual environments, especially during the training of motor tasks, e.g., in neurorehabilitation interventions.

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