Predictors of Problematic Smartphone Use: An Examination of the Integrative Pathways Model and the Role of Age, Gender, Impulsiveness, Excessive Reassurance Seeking, Extraversion, and Depression

Background: The progression of mobile phone technology has led to the development of multi-functional smartphones providing access to features such as social media, e-mail, and videos alongside the basic functions of a mobile phone. Increasing amounts of research has explored the potential addictive nature of smartphones to develop a theoretical framework that describes personality factors related to problematic use. The present study examined the Integrative Pathways Model and the effect of age, gender, impulsiveness, excessive reassurance seeking, extraversion, and depression on problematic smartphone use. Method: A total of 147 smartphone users (mean age = 30.96, SD = 12.97, 69.4% female) completed an online survey comprising of measures of problematic smartphone use, excessive reassurance seeking, extraversion, depression, and impulsiveness. Results: Age, impulsiveness, excessive reassurance seeking, and depression were all significantly related to problematic smartphone use, however extraversion was not significantly related. Furthermore, age and impulsiveness were significant independent predictors of problematic smartphone use. No gender differences were found. Conclusions: The findings presented several factors that predict problematic smartphone use, implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

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Excessive reassurance seeking mediates relations between rumination and problematic smartphone use

Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic ◽

10.1521/bumc_2020_84_07 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 84 (2) ◽

pp. 137-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jon D. Elhai ◽

Dmitri Rozgonjuk ◽

Ahmad M. Alghraibeh ◽

Jason C. Levine ◽

Ali A. Alafnan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Important Variable ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Problematic Smartphone Use ◽

Reassurance Seeking ◽

Excessive Reassurance Seeking ◽

Seeking Behavior ◽

Smartphone Use ◽

Psychopathology Symptoms ◽

Relationship Of

Aside from depression and anxiety, less is known about the relationship of problematic smartphone use (PSU) to other psychopathology- related variables. The authors' aim was to test previously neglected variables in relation to PSU: rumination and excessive reassurance seeking behavior (ERSB). The authors recruited 295 college students for a web-based survey of smartphone use frequency, PSU, depression and anxiety, ruminative thinking, and ERSB. The authors tested linear regression and mediation models, assessing rumination and ERSB as mediating associations between depression/anxiety severity with PSU, adjusting for age, sex, and smartphone use frequency. Results demonstrate that ERSB was significantly related to PSU severity, and ERSB mediated the association between rumination and PSU. Furthermore, the combination of rumination and ERSB mediated relations between both depression and anxiety severity with PSU. Results provide evidence for ERSB as an important variable in understanding relationships between psychopathology symptoms and PSU severity among college students.

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Relation of Personality to Grades and Grading in Undergraduate Peer Review

Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching ◽

10.22329/celt.v12i0.5310 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 9-22

Author(s):

Jenessa Louise Shaw ◽

Kenneth Cramer

Keyword(s):

Peer Review ◽

Secondary Students ◽

Online Survey ◽

Peer Assessment ◽

Future Research ◽

Personality Factors ◽

Academic Entitlement ◽

Post Secondary ◽

Peer Reviews ◽

Psychology Course

Peer reviews offer a unique assessment of post-secondary students’ writing, wherein students grade fellow students’ (or peers’) essay submissions according to a provided rubric. Previous research found that students’ personality dimensions were related to the grades that students both gave and received through peer assessment. The present study examined the association between personality factors on grader leniency and grades received during a peer review assignment in an introductory psychology course. Participants completed an online survey to assess academic entitlement, learning/grade orientation, narcissism, and the 5-factor personality traits; these were later joined to peer review grades received and given. Results showed that rater leniency was negatively related to learning orientation, conscientiousness, and grade orientation. Moreover, the strongest predictors of grades received included academic entitlement, conscientiousness, and narcissism. Implications of these findings, plus directions for future research, are discussed. Keywords: peer review, rater leniency, personality, academic achievement L’évaluation par les pairs constitue un processus exceptionnel d’évaluation de l’écriture d’étudiants de niveau postsecondaire. Des étudiants notent les rédactions de leurs camarades de classe (leurs « pairs ») en utilisant une grille d’évaluation qui leur est fournie. Des recherches ont montré que les aspects de la personnalité des étudiants ont une incidence sur les notes que ceux-ci donnent ou reçoivent. La présente étude examine le lien entre, d’une part, les facteurs liés à la personnalité et, d’autre part, la clémence des évaluateurs et les notes reçues au cours d’une évaluation par les pairs dans un cours d’introduction à la psychologie. Les participants ont rempli un sondage en ligne pour mesurer leurs attentes en matière de notes, leur intérêt pour l’apprentissage ou pour les notes, leur narcissisme et les cinq traits centraux de la personnalité. Les réponses au sondage ont ensuite été combinées aux évaluations par les pairs que les participants ont rendues et reçues. Les résultats montrent que la clémence de l’évaluateur est liée de façon négative à l’intérêt en matière d’apprentissage, au caractère consciencieux et à l’intérêt pour les notes. Qui plus est, les principaux indicateurs des notes reçues comprennent l’attente de recevoir de bonnes notes, le caractère consciencieux et le narcissisme. L’article examine les conséquences de ces résultats et indique la direction à prendre pour des recherches à venir. Mots clés : évaluation par les pairs, clémence de l’évaluateur, personnalité, rendement universitaire

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Naturalistic observation of perfectionistic behaviours

10.32920/ryerson.14648979.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hanna McCabe-Bennett

Keyword(s):

Everyday Life ◽

Community Sample ◽

Future Research ◽

Naturalistic Observation ◽

Reassurance Seeking ◽

Monitoring Period ◽

Excessive Reassurance Seeking

Perfectionism plays an important role across psychopathology. However, there are almost no naturalistic studies that examine the function of perfectionistic behaviours in everyday life. The purpose of this study is to examine predictors, contextual triggers, frequency, and outcomes of 10 proposed perfectionistic behaviours across a 14-day monitoring period in a community sample: Overpreparing, repeating behaviours, excessive reassurance seeking, excessive organizing, excessive perseverance, quitting too soon, procrastinating, refusing to delegate, avoiding situations where standards may be threatened, and attempting to change other people’s behaviour. Correlates and predictors of these behaviours and their related features are discussed in the context of previous research that has examined these behaviours in less naturalistic ways. The findings of the present study have implications for future research regarding behavioural manifestations of perfectionism, and may provide clinicians with important information about perfectionistic behaviours. Additionally, findings using new perfectionism measures provide evidence for their utility with nonclinical samples.

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Naturalistic observation of perfectionistic behaviours

10.32920/ryerson.14648979 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hanna McCabe-Bennett

Keyword(s):

Everyday Life ◽

Community Sample ◽

Future Research ◽

Naturalistic Observation ◽

Reassurance Seeking ◽

Monitoring Period ◽

Excessive Reassurance Seeking

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Dark Triad of Personality and Problematic Smartphone Use: A Preliminary Study on the Mediating Role of Fear of Missing Out

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18168463 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (16) ◽

pp. 8463

Author(s):

Rocco Servidio ◽

Mark D. Griffiths ◽

Zsolt Demetrovics

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Online Survey ◽

Dark Triad ◽

Big Five Personality ◽

Problematic Smartphone Use ◽

Fear Of Missing Out ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Survey Results ◽

Smartphone Use

The present study examined whether the relationship between the Dark Triad (DT) of personality and problematic smartphone use (PSU) can be explained by the mediating role of fear of missing out (FoMO). The role of FoMO in this relationship has yet to be examined. A total of 457 participants completed an online survey. Results indicated that males scored high on measures assessing DT of personality, while females scored high on PSU. Structural equation modelling showed that narcissism was directly associated with PSU. FoMO partially mediated the association between narcissism and PSU. Machiavellianism and narcissism were directly associated with FoMO. In the fully mediated model, narcissism (but not Machiavellianism) was still associated with FoMO, and in turn, FoMO was related to PSU. Although preliminary, the results of the present study indicated that Machiavellianism and narcissism might represent antecedents of FoMO, in addition to the Big Five personality traits, and both could be involved in the development of PSU.

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Instagram use frequency is associated with problematic smartphone use, but not with depression and anxiety symptom severity

Mobile Media & Communication ◽

10.1177/2050157920910190 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 400-418 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dmitri Rozgonjuk ◽

Patrik Pruunsild ◽

Kadi Jürimäe ◽

Rosiine-Johanna Schwarz ◽

Jaan Aru

Keyword(s):

Indirect Effects ◽

Online Survey ◽

Anxiety Symptom ◽

Demographic Variables ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Problematic Smartphone Use ◽

Younger Age ◽

Smartphone Use ◽

Objectively Measured

Studies have demonstrated that social media use, as well as problematic smartphone use (PSU), are associated with psychopathology variables, such as depression and anxiety. However, it has not been studied how Instagram use frequency is associated with depression, anxiety, and PSU. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Instagram use frequency is related to these psychopathology variables. Three hundred and five active Instagram users ( Mage = 23.61, SDage = 5.33; 82.2% female) comprised the effective sample in this study. They responded to an online survey that included questionnaires regarding their Instagram and smartphone use, as well as about experiencing depression and anxiety symptoms. We also retrieved objectively measured Instagram use data. The results showed that although Instagram use frequency, depression, and anxiety were associated with PSU in bivariate analysis, Instagram use frequency did not have indirect effects in the relations between psychopathology variables and PSU. Furthermore, while younger age and female sex predicted Instagram use frequency, these socio-demographic variables did not predict PSU. According to our findings Instagram use frequency contributes to PSU, but it is not related to depression and anxiety.

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Appreciation (Including Gratitude) and Affective Well-Being: Appreciation Predicts Positive and Negative Affect Above the Big Five Personality Factors and Demographics

SAGE Open ◽

10.1177/2158244018818621 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 215824401881862 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N. S. Fagley

Keyword(s):

Negative Affect ◽

Big Five ◽

Online Survey ◽

Well Being ◽

Future Research ◽

Personality Factors ◽

Big Five Personality ◽

Positive And Negative Affect ◽

Big Five Traits ◽

Big Five Personality Factors

This study investigated the relation between appreciation and positive and negative affect, controlling for gender, age, ethnicity, and Big Five personality factors. Appreciation consists of several aspects, including a focus on what one has (“have” focus), awe, gratitude, and interpersonal appreciation. Undergraduates ( N = 236) completed an online survey containing the Appreciation Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), and Big Five Inventory (BFI). The Big Five traits accounted for 38% and 43% of the variance in positive and negative affect, respectively, beyond demographics. Appreciation accounted for 9% ( p < .001) and 4.6% ( p < .05) of the variance in positive and negative affect, respectively, beyond demographics and the Big Five. The “have” focus aspect of appreciation, which represents noticing, focusing on, and valuing what one has, accounted for significant unique variance in both positive and negative affect. Gratitude did not. Future research is needed to determine how broadly these results generalize.

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An investigation into problematic smartphone use: The role of narcissism, anxiety, and personality factors

Journal of Behavioral Addictions ◽

10.1556/2006.6.2017.052 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 378-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Zaheer Hussain ◽

Mark D. Griffiths ◽

David Sheffield

Keyword(s):

Personality Factors ◽

Problematic Smartphone Use ◽

Smartphone Use

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Linking the Technology Acceptance Model to Smartphone Use and Smartphone Use Disorder: Results from a Survey Study

Digital Psychology ◽

10.24989/dp.v2i1.1864 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 6-18

Author(s):

Cornelia Sindermann ◽

René Riedl ◽

Jon D. Elhai ◽

Christian Montag

Keyword(s):

Technology Acceptance ◽

Technology Acceptance Model ◽

Online Survey ◽

Survey Study ◽

Future Research ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Use Context ◽

Personal Use ◽

Smartphone Use ◽

Acceptance Model

Background: Despite the benefits that may result from smartphone use, evidence increasingly indicates that smartphone use may also have negative consequences when used in a disordered manner. One major concept in this research domain is a putative smartphone use disorder. Objective: It is not known how a positive evaluation or acceptance of the smartphone, indicated for example by Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) variables, is associated with its increasing use and consequently tendencies towards smartphone use disorder. Methods: To close this research gap, an online survey with N=698 smartphone users (n=330 men, n=368 women) was conducted to study potential links. All participants completed a TAM measure, provided information on daily smartphone use for personal and business use, and completed a scale assessing tendencies towards smartphone use disorder. Results: Overall, TAM variables were positively related to smartphone use and tendencies towards smartphone use disorder. Descriptively stronger correlations of TAM with smartphone use were found in the personal use context compared to the business use context. Moreover, significantly stronger correlations of TAM scales with smartphone use disorder tendencies were found compared to the associations between TAM scales and daily smartphone use. Moreover, user gender also played a role in these relationships. Conclusion: Potential explanations for the exploratory findings are discussed and limitations and potential avenues for future research are provided, such as conducting longitudinal studies to causally investigate the associations between TAM and smartphone use (disorder tendencies).

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Smartphone Use, Addiction, Narcissism, and Personality

Gaming and Technology Addiction ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-0778-9.ch011 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 212-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Claire Pearson ◽

Zaheer Hussain

Keyword(s):

Social Relations ◽

Social Networking Sites ◽

Online Survey ◽

Qualitative Data ◽

Web Applications ◽

New Technology ◽

Data Interpretation ◽

Future Research ◽

Smartphone Addiction ◽

Smartphone Use

There are increasing numbers of people who are now using smartphones. Consequently, there is a risk of addiction to certain web applications such as social networking sites (SNSs) which are easily accessible via smartphones. There is also the risk of an increase in narcissism amongst users of SNSs. The present study set out to investigate the relationship between smartphone use, narcissistic tendencies and personality as predictors of smartphone addiction. The study also aimed to investigate the distinction between addiction specificity and co-occurrence in smartphone addiction via qualitative data and discover why people continue to use smartphones in banned areas. A self-selected sample of 256 smartphone users (Mean age = 29.2, SD = 9.49) completed an online survey. The results revealed that 13.3% of the sample was classified as addicted to smartphones. Higher narcissism scores and neuroticism levels were linked to addiction. Three themes of social relations, smartphone dependence and self-serving personalities emerged from the qualitative data. Interpretation of qualitative data supports addiction specificity of the smartphone. It is suggested smartphones encourage narcissism, even in non-narcissistic users. In turn, this increased use in banned areas. Future research needs to gather more in-depth qualitative data, addiction scale comparisons and comparison of use with and without SNS access. It is advised that prospective buyers of smartphones be pre-warned of the potential addictive properties of new technology.

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