scholarly journals Is Mammographic Breast Density an Endophenotype for Breast Cancer?

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3916
Author(s):  
Ellie Darcey ◽  
Nina McCarthy ◽  
Eric K. Moses ◽  
Christobel Saunders ◽  
Gemma Cadby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Dense Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Meta Analyses

Mammographic breast density (MBD) is a strong and highly heritable predictor of breast cancer risk and a biomarker for the disease. This study systematically assesses MBD as an endophenotype for breast cancer—a quantitative trait that is heritable and genetically correlated with disease risk. Using data from the family-based kConFab Study and the 1994/1995 cross-sectional Busselton Health Study, participants were divided into three status groups—cases, relatives of cases and controls. Participant’s mammograms were used to measure absolute dense area (DA) and percentage dense area (PDA). To address each endophenotype criterion, linear mixed models and heritability analysis were conducted. Both measures of MBD were significantly associated with breast cancer risk in two independent samples. These measures were also highly heritable. Meta-analyses of both studies showed that MBD measures were higher in cases compared to relatives (β = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.86 and β = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.78 for DA and PDA, respectively) and in relatives compared to controls (β = 0.16, 95% CI = −0.24, 0.56 and β = 0.16, 95% CI = −0.21, 0.53 for DA and PDA, respectively). This study formally demonstrates, for the first time, that MBD is an endophenotype for breast cancer.

scholarly journals Independent and joint cross-sectional associations of statin and metformin use with mammographic breast density

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica J. Lee Argov ◽  
Teofilia Acheampong ◽  
Mary Beth Terry ◽  
Carmen B. Rodriguez ◽  
Mariangela Agovino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Dense Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Statin Use

Abstract Background Well-tolerated and commonly used medications are increasingly assessed for reducing breast cancer risk. These include metformin and statins, both linked to reduced hormone availability and cell proliferation or growth and sometimes prescribed concurrently. We investigated independent and joint associations of these medications with mammographic breast density (MBD), a useful biomarker for the effect of chemopreventive agents on breast cancer risk. Methods Using data from a cross-sectional study of 770 women (78% Hispanic, aged 40–61 years, in a mammography cohort with high cardiometabolic burden), we examined the association of self-reported “ever” use of statins and metformin with MBD measured via clinical Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) density classifications (relative risk regression) and continuous semi-automated percent and size of dense area (Cumulus) (linear regression), adjusted for age, body mass index, education, race, menopausal status, age at first birth, and insulin use. Results We observed high statin (27%), metformin (13%), and combination (9%) use, and most participants were overweight/obese (83%) and parous (87%). Statin use was associated with a lower likelihood of high density BI-RADS (RR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.80), percent dense area (PD) (β = − 6.56, 95% CI = − 9.05 to − 4.06), and dense area (DA) (β = − 9.05, 95% CI = − 14.89 to − 3.22). Metformin use was associated with lower PD and higher non-dense area (NDA), but associations were attenuated by co-medication with statins. Compared to non-use of either medication, statin use alone or with metformin were associated with lower PD and DA (e.g., β = − 6.86, 95% CI: − 9.67, − 4.05 and β = − 7.07, 95% CI: − 10.97, − 3.17, respectively, for PD) and higher NDA (β = 25.05, 95% CI: 14.06, 36.03; β = 29.76, 95% CI: 14.55, 44.96, respectively). Conclusions Statin use was consistently associated with lower MBD, measured both through clinical radiologist assessment and continuous relative and absolute measures, including dense area. Metformin use was associated with lower PD and higher NDA, but this may be driven by co-medication with statins. These results support that statins may lower MBD but need confirmation with prospective and clinical data to distinguish the results of medication use from that of disease.

Mammographic breast density, its changes, and breast cancer risk in premenopausal and postmenopausal women

Cancer ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (21) ◽  
pp. 4687-4696
Author(s):  
Eun Young Kim ◽  
Yoosoo Chang ◽  
Jiin Ahn ◽  
Ji‐Sup Yun ◽  
Yong Lai Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density

scholarly journals Review of: Are breast density and bone mineral density independent risk factors for breast cancer?

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Hopper
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Increased Risk

Citation of original article:K. Kerlikowske, J. Shepherd, J. Creasman, J. A. Tice, E. Ziv, S. R. Cummings. Are breast density and bone mineral density independent risk factors for breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2005; 97(7): 368–74.Abstract of the original articleBackground: Mammographic breast density and bone mineral density (BMD) are markers of cumulative exposure to estrogen. Previous studies have suggested that women with high mammographic breast density or high BMD are at increased risk of breast cancer. We determined whether mammographic breast density and BMD of the hip and spine are correlated and independently associated with breast cancer risk. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study (N = 15 254) and a nested case-control study (of 208 women with breast cancer and 436 control subjects) among women aged 28 years or older who had a screening mammography examination and hip BMD measurement within 2 years. Breast density for 3105 of the women was classified using the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) categories, and percentage mammographic breast density among the case patients and control subjects was quantified with a computer-based threshold method. Spearman rank partial correlation coefficient and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to examine correlations between BI-RADS breast density and BMD and between percentage mammographic breast density and BMD, respectively, in women without breast cancer. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of breast cancer with percentage mammographic breast density and BMD. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Neither BI-RADS breast density nor percentage breast density was correlated with hip or spine BMD (correlation coefficient = −.02 and −.01 for BI-RADS, respectively, and −2.06 and .01 for percentage breast density, respectively). Neither hip BMD nor spine BMD had a statistically significant relationship with breast cancer risk. Women with breast density in the highest sextile had an approximately threefold increased risk of breast cancer compared with women in the lowest sextile (odds ratio: 2.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.4–5.4); adjusting for hip or spine BMD did not change the association between breast density and breast cancer risk. Conclusion: Breast density is strongly associated with increased risk of breast cancer, even after taking into account reproductive and hormonal risk factors, whereas BMD, although a possible marker of lifetime exposure to estrogen, is not. Thus, a component of breast density that is independent of estrogen-mediated effects may contribute to breast cancer risk.

Determination of breast density by bioimpedance.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (27_suppl) ◽  
pp. 56-56
Author(s):  
Karina Bukhanov ◽  
Joel S. Ironstone ◽  
Cindy Basso ◽  
Tina Bilodeau
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Dense Breasts

56 Background: Mammographic breast density is a significant risk factor for breast cancer. Women with extremely dense breasts are at 4-to-6 times the risk of developing breast cancer than women with primarily fatty breast tissue. Electrical Breast Densitometry (EBD) is a new technique that assesses breast density. EBD is non-ionizing, fast, has low cost per test ($20-$30) and may help in breast cancer risk assessment in the primary care setting. Methods: This study evaluated the feasibility of the EBD in an IRB-approved pilot study of 20 patients. The study used a custom-made self-adhesive electrode (SenoSENSE Medical Systems, Toronto, Canada) interfaced to an off-the-shelf impedance meter (Bodystat 1500, Bodystat, Isle of Man, UK) with a customized cable. On the same day as the subject’s scheduled mammogram, impedance measurements were acquired for each breast. Mammogram densities were scored by a trained radiologist using standard BiRADS breast density categories 1 to 4. Results: A high correlation coefficient was observed (Pearson correlation coefficient >0.80) between breast density determined by the EBD and the BiRADS breast density score. In addition a statistically significant difference was observed between dense categories (BiRADS 3,4) and fatty categories (BiRADS 1,2) (p<0.01), as well as between extremely dense breasts (BiRADS 4) and all other categories (p<0.01). Very high correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient >0.95) was observed between EBD measurements on the left and right breasts. Previous studies have reported a left/right correlation of 0.89 for blinded mammography readers. Conclusions: These results suggests that the EBD measure may be less variable than mammographic estimates of density. The results of the study suggest that Electrical Breast Densitometry is a promising technique for the assessment of breast density and the ability to aid in evaluation of breast cancer risk. It can be reasonably deployed at primary care facilities.

scholarly journals Postmenopausal mammographic breast density and subsequent breast cancer risk according to selected tissue markers

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 1104-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lusine Yaghjyan ◽  
Andreas Pettersson ◽  
Graham A Colditz ◽  
Laura C Collins ◽  
Stuart J Schnitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density
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