scholarly journals Milling Activation for the Solvent-Free Synthesis of Zeolites. A Practical Guide

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 246
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kornas ◽  
Joanna E. Olszówka ◽  
Petr Klein ◽  
Veronika Pashkova

The paramount challenge of current chemical technology, including catalysis, is meeting the ecological sustainability requirements. The feasible production of zeolites is crucial because they constitute the principal group of heterogeneous catalysts. However, current zeolite manufacturing via hydrothermal synthesis is connected with considerable consumption of water resources, generation of wastewater, and significant equipment costs. Solvent-free strategies have attracted great attention as high-yielding methods for sustainable synthesis, particularly beneficial in terms of water consumption minimization and an outstanding increase in production due to the efficient use of synthesis space capacity. So far, the solvent-free preparation of numerous zeolite materials has been performed with the preceding grinding of reagents in a mortar. The proposed article describes recent advances in the application of automatized milling instead of manual work. Pretreatment automatization makes the entire process well-controlled, less sensitive to human factors, and is significantly more relevant to industrial scale-up. Moreover, the automatized milling activation unlocks opportunities for solvent-free synthesis from a broader range of common reagents, where the manual treatment is not efficient. Possibilities and limitations of the milling methods are discussed on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of parameter optimization, activation mechanisms, and applicability of common reagents used for zeolite production.

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdo-Alslam Alwakwak ◽  
Yingxin He ◽  
Ahmed Almuslem ◽  
Matthew Senter ◽  
Arun K. Itta ◽  
...  

Multifunctional organocatalysts were immobilized on porous hollow fiber polymer and used as intelligent and cooperative heterogeneous catalysts and continuous flow reactor for sustainable chemical transformation.


2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (47) ◽  
pp. 9632-9635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Adams ◽  
Matteo Lusi ◽  
Emily M. Mutambi ◽  
A. Guy Orpen

The two-step mechanochemical preparation of an important class of organometallic compounds is reported. The carbene–metal complexes are all rapidly formed in excellent yield. The solvent-free synthesis is proved to be a viable synthetic route to useful NHC-containing compounds amenable to scale-up and mechanization.


RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (13) ◽  
pp. 6638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabal Bandyopadhyay ◽  
G. K. Prasad ◽  
Manisha Sathe ◽  
Pratibha Sharma ◽  
Ashok Kumar ◽  
...  

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (07) ◽  
pp. 621-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabnam Nia ◽  
Xianchang Gong ◽  
Charles Michael Drain ◽  
Matthew Jurow ◽  
Waqar Rizvi ◽  
...  

The scope and optimization of a solvent-free method for the rapid preparation and facile purification of technologically important meso-substituted aryl porphyrins, such as 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin is presented. This one-step method involves heating the aromatic aldehyde to ~200°C in a vial fitted with a septum-lined cap, followed by addition of the pyrrole and maintaining the temperature for about 20 minutes. The dioxygen in air serves as the oxidant. Present results show that the addition of benzoic acid as a catalyst improves the yield of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin from 22% to 32% and of para halogenated phenylporphyrins from 10% to ~25%. Herein is also presented an examination of the many factors that influence the yield, the ease of purification, and the ability to scale up the reaction. Since the tarry by-products from this method are much less soluble than in most other synthetic strategies, much less solvent is required for purification; simple extraction is often sufficient. This method can be scaled in the lab to > 300 mg, and provides an attractive route to many meso-substituted porphyrins because of its minimal waste generation in terms of both solvent and chromatography support.


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Schwolow ◽  
Benedikt Mutsch ◽  
Norbert Kockmann ◽  
Thorsten Röder

Based on kinetic investigations in microreactors, a millistructured plate reactor for a solvent-free ionic liquid synthesis was designed by combining several scale-up concepts to maintain thermal stability.


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