scholarly journals Targeting Diet and Exercise for Neuroprotection and Neurorecovery in Glaucoma

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
James R. Tribble ◽  
Flora Hui ◽  
Melissa Jöe ◽  
Katharina Bell ◽  
Vicki Chrysostomou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Diet And Exercise ◽  
Pressure Lowering ◽  
Potential Benefits

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. In glaucoma, a progressive dysfunction and death of retinal ganglion cells occurs, eliminating transfer of visual information to the brain. Currently, the only available therapies target the lowering of intraocular pressure, but many patients continue to lose vision. Emerging pre-clinical and clinical evidence suggests that metabolic deficiencies and defects may play an important role in glaucoma pathophysiology. While pre-clinical studies in animal models have begun to mechanistically uncover these metabolic changes, some existing clinical evidence already points to potential benefits in maintaining metabolic fitness. Modifying diet and exercise can be implemented by patients as an adjunct to intraocular pressure lowering, which may be of therapeutic benefit to retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma.

Next-Generation Techniques for Analysis of Lamina Cribrosa Microstructure

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ross Ethier ◽  
Richie Abel ◽  
E. A. Sander ◽  
John G. Flanagan ◽  
Michael Girard
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Lamina Cribrosa ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Ocular Disorders ◽  
The Brain

Glaucoma describes a group of potentially blinding ocular disorders, afflicting c. 60 million people worldwide. Of these, c. 8 million are bilaterally blind, estimated to increase to 11 million by 2020. The central event in glaucoma is slow and irreversible damage of retinal ganglion cells, responsible for carrying visual information from the retina to the brain (Figure 1). Intraocular pressure (IOP) is a risk factor for glaucoma1–4, and significant, sustained IOP reduction is unequivocally beneficial in the clinical management of glaucoma patients2, 3, 5. Unfortunately, we do not understand how elevated IOP leads to the loss of retinal ganglion cells.

scholarly journals Interspike Interval Based Filtering of Directional Selective Retinal Ganglion Cells Spike Trains

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurel Vasile Martiniuc ◽  
Alois Knoll
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Spike Trains ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Stimulus Motion ◽  
Information Rates ◽  
Grating Bars

The information regarding visual stimulus is encoded in spike trains at the output of retina by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Among these, the directional selective cells (DSRGC) are signaling the direction of stimulus motion. DSRGCs' spike trains show accentuated periods of short interspike intervals (ISIs) framed by periods of isolated spikes. Here we use two types of visual stimulus, white noise and drifting bars, and show that short ISI spikes of DSRGCs spike trains are more often correlated to their preferred stimulus feature (that is, the direction of stimulus motion) and carry more information than longer ISI spikes. Firstly, our results show that correlation between stimulus and recorded neuronal response is best at short ISI spiking activity and decrease as ISI becomes larger. We then used grating bars stimulus and found that as ISI becomes shorter the directional selectivity is better and information rates are higher. Interestingly, for the less encountered type of DSRGC, known as ON-DSRGC, short ISI distribution and information rates revealed consistent differences when compared with the other directional selective cell type, the ON-OFF DSRGC. However, these findings suggest that ISI-based temporal filtering integrates a mechanism for visual information processing at the output of retina toward higher stages within early visual system.

scholarly journals A method for single-neuron chronic recording from the retina in awake mice

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 360 (6396) ◽  
pp. 1447-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guosong Hong ◽  
Tian-Ming Fu ◽  
Mu Qiao ◽  
Robert D. Viveros ◽  
Xiao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Chronic Recording ◽  
The Brain

The retina, which processes visual information and sends it to the brain, is an excellent model for studying neural circuitry. It has been probed extensively ex vivo but has been refractory to chronic in vivo electrophysiology. We report a nonsurgical method to achieve chronically stable in vivo recordings from single retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in awake mice. We developed a noncoaxial intravitreal injection scheme in which injected mesh electronics unrolls inside the eye and conformally coats the highly curved retina without compromising normal eye functions. The method allows 16-channel recordings from multiple types of RGCs with stable responses to visual stimuli for at least 2 weeks, and reveals circadian rhythms in RGC responses over multiple day/night cycles.

The Biomechanical Response of Normal and Glaucoma Human Sclera

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baptiste Coudrillier ◽  
Kristin M. Myers ◽  
Thao D. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Progressive Degeneration ◽  
Biomechanical Response ◽  
Elevated Intraocular Pressure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

By 2010, 60 million people will have glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide [1]. The disease is characterized by a progressive degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells (RGC), a type of neuron that transmits visual information to the brain. It is well know that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a risk factor in the damage to the RGCs [3–5], but the relationship between the mechanical properties of the ocular connective tissue and how it affects cellular function is not well characterized. The cornea and the sclera are collage-rich structures that comprise the outer load-bearing shell of the eye. Their preferentially aligned collagen lamellae provide mechanical strength to resist ocular expansion. Previous uniaxial tension studies suggest that altered viscoelastic material properties of the eye wall play a role in glaucomatous damage [6].

scholarly journals Molecular codes for cell type specification in Brn3 retinal ganglion cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (20) ◽  
pp. E3974-E3983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szilard Sajgo ◽  
Miruna Georgiana Ghinia ◽  
Matthew Brooks ◽  
Friedrich Kretschmer ◽  
Katherine Chuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Neuronal Morphology ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Type Specification ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Combinatorial Code

Visual information is conveyed from the eye to the brain by distinct types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). It is largely unknown how RGCs acquire their defining morphological and physiological features and connect to upstream and downstream synaptic partners. The three Brn3/Pou4f transcription factors (TFs) participate in a combinatorial code for RGC type specification, but their exact molecular roles are still unclear. We use deep sequencing to define (i) transcriptomes of Brn3a- and/or Brn3b-positive RGCs, (ii) Brn3a- and/or Brn3b-dependent RGC transcripts, and (iii) transcriptomes of retinorecipient areas of the brain at developmental stages relevant for axon guidance, dendrite formation, and synaptogenesis. We reveal a combinatorial code of TFs, cell surface molecules, and determinants of neuronal morphology that is differentially expressed in specific RGC populations and selectively regulated by Brn3a and/or Brn3b. This comprehensive molecular code provides a basis for understanding neuronal cell type specification in RGCs.

scholarly journals Effects of Iron and Zinc on Mitochondria: Potential Mechanisms of Glaucomatous Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahui Tang ◽  
Yehong Zhuo ◽  
Yiqing Li
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Current View ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Mitochondrial Homeostasis ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
The Brain

Glaucoma is the most substantial cause of irreversible blinding, which is accompanied by progressive retinal ganglion cell damage. Retinal ganglion cells are energy-intensive neurons that connect the brain and retina, and depend on mitochondrial homeostasis to transduce visual information through the brain. As cofactors that regulate many metabolic signals, iron and zinc have attracted increasing attention in studies on neurons and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarize the research connecting iron, zinc, neuronal mitochondria, and glaucomatous injury, with the aim of updating and expanding the current view of how retinal ganglion cells degenerate in glaucoma, which can reveal novel potential targets for neuroprotection.

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