scholarly journals Signals Orchestrating Peripheral Nerve Repair

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Rigoni ◽  
Samuele Negro
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Repair ◽  
Model System ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Injury Site ◽  
Multiple Signals ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Ideal Model System

The peripheral nervous system has retained through evolution the capacity to repair and regenerate after assault from a variety of physical, chemical, or biological pathogens. Regeneration relies on the intrinsic abilities of peripheral neurons and on a permissive environment, and it is driven by an intense interplay among neurons, the glia, muscles, the basal lamina, and the immune system. Indeed, extrinsic signals from the milieu of the injury site superimpose on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to modulate cell intrinsic programs. Here, we will review the main intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms allowing severed peripheral axons to re-grow, and discuss some alarm mediators and pro-regenerative molecules and pathways involved in the process, highlighting the role of Schwann cells as central hubs coordinating multiple signals. A particular focus will be provided on regeneration at the neuromuscular junction, an ideal model system whose manipulation can contribute to the identification of crucial mediators of nerve re-growth. A brief overview on regeneration at sensory terminals is also included.

scholarly journals DNA methylation regulates transcriptional homeostasis of algal endosymbiosis in the coral modelAiptasia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Li ◽  
Yi Jin Liew ◽  
Guoxin Cui ◽  
Maha J Cziesielski ◽  
Noura Zahran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Model System ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanism ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Spurious Transcription ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems

The symbiotic relationship between cnidarians and dinoflagellates is the cornerstone of coral reef ecosystems. Although research is focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying this symbiosis, the role of epigenetic mechanisms, which have been implicated in transcriptional regulation and acclimation to environmental change, is unknown. To assess the role of DNA methylation in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis, we analyzed genome-wide CpG methylation, histone associations, and transcriptomic states of symbiotic and aposymbiotic anemones in the model systemAiptasia. We find methylated genes are marked by histone H3K36me3 and show significant reduction of spurious transcription and transcriptional noise, revealing a role of DNA methylation in the maintenance of transcriptional homeostasis. Changes in DNA methylation and expression show enrichment for symbiosis-related processes such as immunity, apoptosis, phagocytosis recognition and phagosome formation, and unveil intricate interactions between the underlying pathways. Our results demonstrate that DNA methylation provides an epigenetic mechanism of transcriptional homeostasis during symbiosis.

Ceratopteris: An Ideal Model System for Teaching Plant Biology

1995 ◽  
Vol 156 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Sue Renzaglia ◽  
Thomas R. Warne
Keyword(s):  
Model System ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Ideal Model System

scholarly journals Xenopus, an ideal model system to study vertebrate left-right asymmetry

2009 ◽  
Vol 238 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Blum ◽  
Tina Beyer ◽  
Thomas Weber ◽  
Philipp Vick ◽  
Philipp Andre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model System ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Ideal Model System ◽  
Left Right Asymmetry

scholarly journals The scoop on the fly brain: glial engulfment functions in Drosophila

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary A. Logan ◽  
Marc R. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Model System ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Trauma Studies ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Ideal Model System ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Developing Nervous System

AbstractGlial cells provide support and protection for neurons in the embryonic and adult brain, mediated in part through the phagocytic activity of glia. Glial cells engulf apoptotic cells and pruned neurites from the developing nervous system, and also clear degenerating neuronal debris from the adult brain after neural trauma. Studies indicate that Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model system to elucidate the mechanisms of engulfment by glia. The recent studies reviewed here show that many features of glial engulfment are conserved across species and argue that work in Drosophila will provide valuable cellular and molecular insight into glial engulfment activity in mammals.

Two-dimensional g-C3N4: an ideal platform for examining facet selectivity of metal co-catalysts in photocatalysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (46) ◽  
pp. 6094-6097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Bai ◽  
Xijun Wang ◽  
Canyu Hu ◽  
Maolin Xie ◽  
Jun Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Model System ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Co Catalysts ◽  
Ideal Model System

Two-dimensional g-C3N4 nanosheets with few-layer thickness, ensuring equivalent charge migrations to various Pd facets, provide an ideal model system for examining the facet selectivity of Pd co-catalysts.

scholarly journals Habituation in non-neural organisms: evidence from slime moulds

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1829) ◽  
pp. 20160446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain P. Boisseau ◽  
David Vogel ◽  
Audrey Dussutour
Keyword(s):  
Physarum Polycephalum ◽  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
Model System ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Sensory Adaptation ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Slime Moulds ◽  
Ideal Model System ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Stimulus Specificity

Learning, defined as a change in behaviour evoked by experience, has hitherto been investigated almost exclusively in multicellular neural organisms. Evidence for learning in non-neural multicellular organisms is scant, and only a few unequivocal reports of learning have been described in single-celled organisms. Here we demonstrate habituation, an unmistakable form of learning, in the non-neural organism Physarum polycephalum . In our experiment, using chemotaxis as the behavioural output and quinine or caffeine as the stimulus, we showed that P. polycephalum learnt to ignore quinine or caffeine when the stimuli were repeated, but responded again when the stimulus was withheld for a certain time. Our results meet the principle criteria that have been used to demonstrate habituation: responsiveness decline and spontaneous recovery. To distinguish habituation from sensory adaptation or motor fatigue, we also show stimulus specificity. Our results point to the diversity of organisms lacking neurons, which likely display a hitherto unrecognized capacity for learning, and suggest that slime moulds may be an ideal model system in which to investigate fundamental mechanisms underlying learning processes. Besides, documenting learning in non-neural organisms such as slime moulds is centrally important to a comprehensive, phylogenetic understanding of when and where in the tree of life the earliest manifestations of learning evolved.

Flavocytochrome b2: an ideal model system for studying protein-mediated electron transfer

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Chapman ◽  
G. A. Reid ◽  
C. Bell ◽  
D. Short ◽  
S. Daff
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Model System ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Flavocytochrome B2 ◽  
Mediated Electron Transfer ◽  
Ideal Model System
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document