scholarly journals Effect of Predation on Shaping Parental Brood Defense and Larval Ontogeny of Convict Cichlids Leading to Population Divergence

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Wisenden
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Convict Cichlids ◽  
Brood Defense ◽  
Care Behavior ◽  
Morphological Phenotype

(1) Predation selects for antipredator competence in prey. For fishes with parental care, brood predators exert selection on the morphological phenotype of offspring, and also exert strong selection pressure to promote parental care behavior of adults. (2) This review summarizes field and lab studies on the ontogeny of antipredator competence in convict cichlids, a freshwater fish with extended biparental care of their free-swimming young. (3) Here, data show that differences in swimming performance between small and large young are exploited by parents when they adopt (smaller) young. Velocity and acceleration of startle responses improves nonlinearly with body size, increasing rapidly at a point when the skeleton rapidly ossifies from cartilage to bone, at the size at which discrimination by adopting parents shifts, and the timing of change in the rate of change in area protected by parents. Convict cichlids in a Nicaraguan lake population showed a similar correlation among these traits, but these traits are delayed relative to Costa Rican fish. (4) Population divergence is likely explained by relatively more intense brood predation in the lake, which selects for different optima of larval antipredator competence and parental brood defense.

Variation in the Mating System and Associated Parental Behaviour of Captive and Free-Living Cichlasoma Nigrofasciatum (Pisces, Cichlidae)

Behaviour ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 202-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Bailey ◽  
Vicki H. Young ◽  
Miles H.A. Keenleyside
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rican ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Mate Desertion ◽  
Conspecific Adult ◽  
Biased Sex Ratio ◽  
Brood Defense ◽  
Time Away ◽  
North Western

AbstractC. nigrofasciatum typically breed in monogamous pairs with biparental care of the young for up to 6 weeks. In experimental ponds in southern Canada and streams in north-western Costa Rica two variations on this system were studied: male desertion followed by maternal care, and simultaneous bigamy by males. In the ponds, with a female-biased sex ratio, males deserted or became bigamous when their broods were at all stages from eggs to advanced, free-swimming fry. These departures from monogamy did not consistently influence brood survival, except that broods deserted by their father shortly after spawning did not survive, whereas those deserted when they were at least one week into the fry stage survived to independence with only their mother as guardian. Both in the ponds and at the field sites females with monogamous partners spent more time away from their broods than did deserted females, but only in the ponds did this correspond with reduced feeding by the deserted females. In nature all parental females foraged less often than did non-parental females, and this reduction was not strongly influenced by mate desertion. Brood defense behaviour by adults in monogamous pairs provided some evidence of division of parental labour. In the ponds guarding females attacked sub-adult juveniles more than males did, whereas in the field guarding females attacked non-cichlid fishes (mainly characins and poeciliids) and conspecific females and juveniles more than males did. Both in the ponds and the field guarding males attacked conspecific adult males more than females did. Most deserted, brood-guarding females seen in Costa Rican streams had young that were relatively large, mobile fry, approaching independence. This may reflect the need for both parents to guard their young during the first few days of free-swimming. They are probably highly vulnerable to predators at this stage and paternal desertion may be more costly than later, when they are stronger swimmers and better able to escape from predators.

Genetic sources of individual variation in parental care behavior

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 1933-1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Wetzel ◽  
Margret I. Hatch ◽  
David F. Westneat
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Care Behavior

Is parental care behavior in Belostoma species an evolutionary cause for their common sexual size dimorphism pattern?

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Sandra IGLESIAS ◽  
Francisco Antonio CRESPO ◽  
Alejandra del Carmen VALVERDE
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Care Behavior

The Effects of a Trade-Off Between Foraging and Brood Defense On Parental Behaviour in the Convict Cichlid Fish, Cichlasoma Nigrofasciatum

Behaviour ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 120 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Rangeley ◽  
JEAN-GUY J. Godin
Keyword(s):  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Parental Effort ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Cichlasoma Nigrofasciatum ◽  
Investment Theory ◽  
Convict Cichlids ◽  
Brood Defense ◽  
Energy Gains

AbstractParental convict cichlids, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum, responded to the presence of a potential brood predator by decreasing net energy gains (food intake decreased and energy expenditure increased) while increasing parental effort (large allocation of time to brood defense). These behaviours are important factors in the life-history trade-off between current and future reproductive investments. The allocation of energy into defense behaviours and elevated activity levels, combined with a voluntary reduction of food consumption, represent an investment in the current brood which could (in nature) reduce future reproduction. Contrary to parental investment theory predictions, consistent increases in parental effort with brood age were not evident.

Parental Care in Burying Beetles: The Organization of Male and Female Brood-care Behavior

Ethology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle A. Fetherston ◽  
Michelle Pellissier Scott ◽  
James F. A. Traniello
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Brood Care ◽  
Burying Beetles ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Brood ◽  
Care Behavior

scholarly journals Effect of mate size on maternal reproductive effort in the convict cichlid Amatitlania siquia

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley R. Robart
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Standard Length ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Differential Allocation ◽  
Mate Quality ◽  
Convict Cichlids ◽  
Male Care ◽  
Female Investment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Amatitlania Siquia

Abstract The differential allocation hypothesis predicts individuals will increase their reproductive investment when mated to a high quality partner. In many species of fish with biparental care females prefer large males due to the males’ greater ability to raise more offspring to independence. I examined the relationship between mate quality, parental care and number of offspring in a natural population of convict cichlids Amatitlania siquia. The frequency of frontal displays by females was positively correlated with male standard length. Additionally, as males increased in length relative to their mate, females increased the frequency of chases towards predators, while males decreased the number of displays towards brood predators. This trade-off in parental effort within a pair due to mate quality is a key prediction of differential allocation. The number of offspring was correlated with male, but not female, standard length. These results support the differential allocation hypothesis in that females offered more parental care to offspring of a larger male, while their mates decreased the amount of care they provided. Additionally, females benefited in terms of number of offspring by pairing with higher quality mates. Increased female investment may provide an incentive to ensure male care and maintain pair bonding, which could lead to greater reproductive success through increased offspring survival.

The Effect of Catch-and-Release Angling on the Parental Care Behavior of Male Smallmouth Bass

2003 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Suski ◽  
J. H. Svec ◽  
J. B. Ludden ◽  
F. J. S. Phelan ◽  
D. P. Philipp
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Catch And Release ◽  
Care Behavior

scholarly journals Mapping the Energetic Costs of Free-Swimming Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata), a Key Species in European Marine Aquaculture

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1357
Author(s):  
Sébastien Alfonso ◽  
Walter Zupa ◽  
Maria Teresa Spedicato ◽  
Giuseppe Lembo ◽  
Pierluigi Carbonara
Keyword(s):  
Sparus Aurata ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Gilthead Sea Bream ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Energetic Costs ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Marine Aquaculture ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Measurement of metabolic rates provides a valuable proxy for the energetic costs of different living activities. However, such measurements are not easy to perform in free-swimming fish. Therefore, mapping acceleration from accelerometer tags with oxygen consumption rates (MO2) is a promising method to counter these limitations and could represent a tool for remotely estimating MO2 in aquaculture environments. In this study, we monitored the swimming performance and MO2 of 79 gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata; weight range, 219–971 g) during a critical swimming test. Among all the fish challenged, 27 were implanted with electromyography (EMG) electrodes, and 27 were implanted with accelerometer tags to monitor the activation pattern of the red/white muscles during swimming. Additionally, we correlated the acceleration recorded by the tag with the MO2. Overall, we found no significant differences in swimming performance, metabolic traits, and swimming efficiency between the tagged and untagged fish. The acceleration recorded by the tag was successfully correlated with MO2. Additionally, through EMG analyses, we determined the activities of the red and white muscles, which are indicative of the contributions of aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms until reaching critical swimming speed. By obtaining insights into both aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms, sensor mapping with physiological data may be useful for the purposes of aquaculture health/welfare remote monitoring of the gilthead sea bream, a key species in European marine aquaculture.

Intracyclic Variation of Force and Swimming Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 897-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro G. Morouço ◽  
Tiago M. Barbosa ◽  
Raul Arellano ◽  
João P. Vilas-Boas
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
High Level ◽  
Maximal Effort

Context: In front-crawl swimming, the upper limbs perform alternating movements with the aim of achieving a continuous application of force in the water, leading to lower intracyclic velocity variation (dv). This parameter has been identified as a crucial criterion for swimmers’ evaluation. Purpose: To examine the assessment of intracyclic force variation (dF) and to analyze its relationship with dv and swimming performance. Methods: A total of 22 high-level male swimmers performed a maximal-effort 50-m front-crawl time trial and a 30-s maximal-effort fully tethered swimming test, which were randomly assigned. Instantaneous velocity was obtained by a speedometer and force by a strain-gauge system. Results: Similarity was observed between the tests, with dF attaining much higher magnitudes than dv (P < .001; d = 8.89). There were no differences in stroke rate or in physiological responses between tethered and free swimming, with a high level of agreement for the stroke rate and blood lactate increase. Swimming velocity presented a strong negative linear relationship with dF (r = −.826, P < .001) and a moderate negative nonlinear relationship with dv (r = .734, P < .01). With the addition of the maximum impulse to dF, multiple-regression analysis explained 83% of the free-swimming performance. Conclusions: Assessing dF is a promising approach for evaluating a swimmer’s performance. From the experiments, this new parameter showed that swimmers with higher dF also present higher dv, leading to a decrease in performance.

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