scholarly journals Threats Posed to the Rediscovered and Rare Salvia ceratophylloides Ard. (Lamiaceae) by Borer and Seed Feeder Insect Species

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Carmelo Peter Bonsignore ◽  
Valentina Lucia Astrid Laface ◽  
Gregorio Vono ◽  
Rita Marullo ◽  
Carmelo Maria Musarella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Herbivorous Species

The effects of herbivorous insects on a plant population are not always well tolerated. This is especially true if the herbivorous actions are directed toward rare plant species. Salvia ceratophylloides Ard. is a rare endemism of southern Italy. Observations of the plants in situ revealed that many of them were under severe stress and did not produce seeds. Therefore, to find out which factors affect the reproductive activity as a whole, an observational study was carried out. We found bottom-up and top-down effects on plant health and reproduction associated with herbivorous action. Squamapion elongatum (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea, Apionidae), in all monitored sites, infested plants non-uniformly but was able to threaten the health condition, flowering, and seed production of sage by digging tunnels into the sage branches (bottom-up action), and then secondarily by seed feeder Systole salvia Zerova (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) predating sage seeds (top-down action). Mainly, chalcid parasitoid wasps such as Trichomalus spp. (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae), as well as Eupelmus vesicularis and E. muellneri (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae), limited the herbivorous S. elongatum population and the seed herbivore S. salviae emerged with its parasitoid Ormyrus diffinis (Hymenoptera, Ormyridae). Overall, this study showed how ecological interactions among herbivores, their host, and their natural enemies act on this sage species in all sites investigated. Among the herbivores, mainly S. elongatum affected this rare sage species, which should be taken into consideration, especially in the formulation of biological control solutions and for improving operating practice aimed at reproducing the species. This study provides the molecular characterization of the herbivorous species involved, in order to support future projects to evaluate the intra- and interspecific genetic variability of insects, their evolutionary relationships, and phylogeny studies.

Ambivalences of populism: The case of Catalan independentism

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gamper Sachse
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobilization ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Democratic Experience ◽  
Procedural Safeguards

Most of the Spanish media have portrayed Catalan independentism as nationalism and populism. This article argues that this political and social mobilization does not fit into the usual definitions of populism as anti-elitist, anti-liberal and anti-pluralistic movement. Catalan independentism is here interpreted by stressing its democratic features, namely as a form of democratic populism: horizontally organized, and critical of procedural safeguards and counter-majoritarian powers. The popular organization of the referendum on 1 October 2017 and the vigorous democratic experience by almost half of the population of Catalonia allow for a characterization of this populism as a hybrid phenomenon that includes bottom-up and top-down dynamics, thereby contrasting with the usual leader-centred understanding of populism.

Characterization of Human Sperm Protamine Proteoforms through a Combination of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mass Spectrometry Approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Soler-Ventura ◽  
Marina Gay ◽  
Meritxell Jodar ◽  
Mar Vilanova ◽  
Judit Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Human Sperm ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

scholarly journals On-Site Participation for Proto-Architectural Assemblies Encompassing Technology and Human Improvisation: “Fish Trap” and “Orchid” Architectural Interventions

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Peter Buš ◽  
Shi-Yen Wu ◽  
Ayça Tartar
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Design Strategy ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Fish Trap ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Qualitative Observation ◽  
Building System ◽  
Collaborative Improvisation

This research investigates the notion of builders’ on-site engagement to physically build architectural interventions based on their demands, spatial requirements, and collaborative improvisation enhanced with the principles of uniqueness and bespoke solutions which are previously explored in computational models. The paper compares and discusses two physical installations as proto-architectural assemblies testing two different designs and building approaches: the top-down predefined designers’ scenario contrary to bottom-up unpredictable improvisation. It encompasses a building strategy based on the discrete precut components assembled by builders themselves in situ. The paper evaluates both strategies in a qualitative observation and comparison defining advantages and limitations of the top-down design strategy in comparison with the decentralised bottom-up building system built by the builders themselves. As such, it outlines the position of a designer within the bottom-up building processes on-site. The paper argues that improvisation and builders’ direct engagement on-site lead to solutions that better reflect human needs and low-tech building principles incorporated can deliver unpredictable but convenient spatial scenarios.

scholarly journals A numerical evaluation of global oceanic emissions of α-pinene and isoprene

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2007-2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Luo ◽  
F. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Evaluation ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Phytoplankton Communities ◽  
Oceanic Emissions

Abstract. A numerical evaluation of global oceanic emissions of α-pinene and isoprene based on both "bottom-up" and "top-down" methods is presented. We infer that the global "bottom-up" oceanic emissions of α-pinene and isoprene are 0.013 TgC yr−1 and 0.32 TgC yr−1, respectively. By constraining global chemistry model simulations with the shipborne measurement of Organics over the Ocean Modifying Particles in both Hemispheres summer cruise, we derived the global "top-down" oceanic α-pinene source of 29.5 TgC yr−1 and isoprene source of 11.6 TgC yr−1. Both the "bottom-up" and "top-down" values are subject to large uncertainties. The incomplete understanding of the in-situ phytoplankton communities and their range of emission potentials significantly impact the estimated global "bottom-up" oceanic emissions, while the estimated total amounts of the global "top-down" oceanic sources can be influenced by emission parameterizations, model and input data spatial resolutions, boundary layer mixing processes, and the treatments of chemical reactions. The global oceanic α-pinene source and its impact on organic aerosol formation is significant based on "top-down" method, but is negligible based on "bottom-up" approach. Our research highlights the importance of carrying out further research (especially measurements) to resolve the large offset in the derived oceanic organic emission based on two different approaches.

scholarly journals Top-down and Bottom-up aerosol-cloud-closure: towards understanding sources of uncertainty in deriving cloud radiative flux

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Sanchez ◽  
Greg C. Roberts ◽  
Radiance Calmer ◽  
Keri Nicoll ◽  
Eyal Hashimshoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Radiative Flux ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Aerosol Cloud ◽  
Microphysical Properties ◽  
Holistic Understanding

Abstract. Top-down and bottom-up aerosol-cloud-radiative flux closures were conducted at the Mace Head atmospheric research station in Galway, Ireland in August 2015. This study is part of the BACCHUS (Impact of Biogenic versus Anthropogenic emissions on Clouds and Climate: towards a Holistic UnderStanding) European collaborative project, with the goal of understanding key processes affecting aerosol-cloud-radiative flux closures to improve future climate predictions and develop sustainable policies for Europe. Instrument platforms include ground-based, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and satellite measurements of aerosols, clouds and meteorological variables. The ground-based and airborne measurements of aerosol size distributions and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration were used to initiate a 1D microphysical aerosol-cloud parcel model (ACPM). UAVs were equipped for a specific science mission, with an optical particle counter for aerosol distribution profiles, a cloud sensor to measure cloud extinction, or a 5-hole probe for 3D wind vectors. UAV cloud measurements are rare and have only become possible in recent years through the miniaturization of instrumentation. These are the first UAV measurements at Mace Head. ACPM simulations are compared to in-situ cloud extinction measurements from UAVs to quantify closure in terms of cloud radiative flux. Two out of seven cases exhibit sub-adiabatic vertical temperature profiles within the cloud, which suggests that entrainment processes affect cloud microphysical properties and lead to an overestimate of simulated cloud radiative flux. Including an entrainment parameterization and explicitly calculating the entrainment fraction in the ACPM simulations both improved cloud-top radiative closure. Entrainment reduced the difference between simulated and observation-derived cloud-top radiative flux (δRF) by between 30 W m−2 and 40 W m−2. After accounting for entrainment, satellite-derived cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC) were within 30 % of simulated CDNC. In cases with a well-mixed boundary layer, δRF is less than 25 W m−2 after accounting for cloud-top entrainment, compared to less than 50 W m−2 when entrainment is not taken into account. In cases with a decoupled boundary layer, cloud microphysical properties are inconsistent with ground-based aerosol measurements, as expected, and δRF is as high as 88 W m−2, even after accounting for cloud-top entrainment. This work demonstrates the need to take in-situ measurements of aerosol properties for cases where the boundary layer is decoupled as well as consider cloud-top entrainment to accurately model stratocumulus cloud radiative flux.

scholarly journals Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Human Myoglobin-Centered Free Radicals Induced by Oxidative Damage

2007 ◽  
Vol 79 (16) ◽  
pp. 6236-6248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leesa J. Deterding ◽  
Suchandra Bhattacharjee ◽  
Dario C. Ramirez ◽  
Ronald P. Mason ◽  
Kenneth B. Tomer
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Human Myoglobin

Combined Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mass Spectrometric Approach to Characterization of Biomarkers for Renal Disease

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (22) ◽  
pp. 7163-7171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Chalmers ◽  
Colin Logan Mackay ◽  
Christopher L. Hendrickson ◽  
Stefan Wittke ◽  
Michael Walden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Disease ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Approach

scholarly journals Top-down and bottom-up aerosol–cloud closure: towards understanding sources of uncertainty in deriving cloud shortwave radiative flux

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 9797-9814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Sanchez ◽  
Gregory C. Roberts ◽  
Radiance Calmer ◽  
Keri Nicoll ◽  
Eyal Hashimshoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Radiative Flux ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Aerosol Cloud ◽  
Microphysical Properties ◽  
Holistic Understanding

Abstract. Top-down and bottom-up aerosol–cloud shortwave radiative flux closures were conducted at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station in Galway, Ireland, in August 2015. This study is part of the BACCHUS (Impact of Biogenic versus Anthropogenic emissions on Clouds and Climate: towards a Holistic UnderStanding) European collaborative project, with the goal of understanding key processes affecting aerosol–cloud shortwave radiative flux closures to improve future climate predictions and develop sustainable policies for Europe. Instrument platforms include ground-based unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)1 and satellite measurements of aerosols, clouds and meteorological variables. The ground-based and airborne measurements of aerosol size distributions and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration were used to initiate a 1-D microphysical aerosol–cloud parcel model (ACPM). UAVs were equipped for a specific science mission, with an optical particle counter for aerosol distribution profiles, a cloud sensor to measure cloud extinction or a five-hole probe for 3-D wind vectors. UAV cloud measurements are rare and have only become possible in recent years through the miniaturization of instrumentation. These are the first UAV measurements at Mace Head. ACPM simulations are compared to in situ cloud extinction measurements from UAVs to quantify closure in terms of cloud shortwave radiative flux. Two out of seven cases exhibit sub-adiabatic vertical temperature profiles within the cloud, which suggests that entrainment processes affect cloud microphysical properties and lead to an overestimate of simulated cloud shortwave radiative flux. Including an entrainment parameterization and explicitly calculating the entrainment fraction in the ACPM simulations both improved cloud-top radiative closure. Entrainment reduced the difference between simulated and observation-derived cloud-top shortwave radiative flux (δRF) by between 25 and 60 W m−2. After accounting for entrainment, satellite-derived cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNCs) were within 30 % of simulated CDNC. In cases with a well-mixed boundary layer, δRF is no greater than 20 W m−2 after accounting for cloud-top entrainment and up to 50 W m−2 when entrainment is not taken into account. In cases with a decoupled boundary layer, cloud microphysical properties are inconsistent with ground-based aerosol measurements, as expected, and δRF is as high as 88 W m−2, even high (> 30 W m−2) after accounting for cloud-top entrainment. This work demonstrates the need to take in situ measurements of aerosol properties for cases where the boundary layer is decoupled as well as consider cloud-top entrainment to accurately model stratocumulus cloud radiative flux. 1The regulatory term for UAV is remotely piloted aircraft (RPA).

scholarly journals A functional context for heterogeneity of the circadian clock in cells

PLoS Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. e3000927
Author(s):  
Martha Merrow ◽  
Mary Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Circadian Period ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Stochastic Generation ◽  
Circadian Phase ◽  
Functional Context ◽  
Definition Of

Characterization of circadian systems at the organism level—a top-down approach—has led to definition of unifying properties, a hallmark of the science of chronobiology. The next challenge is to use a bottom-up approach to show how the molecular workings of the cellular circadian clock work as building blocks of those properties. We review new studies, including a recently published PLOS Biology paper by Nikhil and colleagues, that show how programmed but also stochastic generation of variation in cellular circadian period explain important adaptive features of entrained circadian phase.

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