scholarly journals Bigger Is Better, Sometimes: The Interaction between Body Size and Carcass Size Determines Fitness, Reproductive Strategies, and Senescence in Two Species of Burying Beetles

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 662
Author(s):  
Mark C. Belk ◽  
Peter J. Meyers ◽  
J. Curtis Creighton
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
Burying Beetles ◽  
Terminal Investment ◽  
Future Reproduction ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Investment Patterns ◽  
Nicrophorus Marginatus

The cost of reproduction hypothesis suggests that allocation to current reproduction constrains future reproduction. How organisms accrue reproductive costs and allocate energy across their lifetime may differ among species adapted to different resource types. We test this by comparing lifetime reproductive output, patterns of reproductive allocation, and senescence between two species of burying beetles, Nicrophorus marginatus and N. guttula, that differ in body size, across a range of carcass sizes. These two species of burying beetles maximized lifetime reproductive output on somewhat different–sized resources. The larger N. marginatus did better on large and medium carcasses while the smaller N. guttula did best on small and medium carcasses. For both species, reproduction is costly and reproduction on larger carcasses reduced lifespan more than reproduction on smaller carcasses. Carcass size also affected lifetime reproductive strategies. Each species’ parental investment patterns were consistent with terminal investment on carcasses on which they performed best (optimal carcass sizes). However, they exhibited reproductive restraint on carcass sizes on which they did not perform as well. Reproductive senescence occurred largely in response to carcass size. For both species, reproduction on larger carcasses resulted in more rapid senescence. These data suggest that whether organisms exhibit terminal investment or reproductive restraint may depend on type and amount of resources for reproduction.

scholarly journals The sex lives of ctenophores: the influence of light, body size, and self-fertilization on the reproductive output of the sea walnut,Mnemiopsis leidyi

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Sasson ◽  
Joseph F. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Mnemiopsis Leidyi ◽  
Simultaneous Hermaphrodite ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Insight Into

Ctenophores (comb jellies) are emerging as important animals for investigating fundamental questions across numerous branches of biology (e.g., evodevo, neuroscience and biogeography). A few ctenophore species including, most notably,Mnemiopsis leidyi, are considered as invasive species, adding to the significance of studying ctenophore ecology. Despite the growing interest in ctenophore biology, relatively little is known about their reproduction. Like most ctenophores,M. leidyiis a simultaneous hermaphrodite capable of self-fertilization. In this study, we assess the influence of light on spawning, the effect of body size on spawning likelihood and reproductive output, and the cost of self-fertilization on egg viability inM. leidyi. Our results suggest thatM. leidyispawning is more strongly influenced by circadian rhythms than specific light cues and that body size significantly impacts spawning and reproductive output.Mnemiopsis leidyiadults that spawned alone produced a lower percentage of viable embryos versus those that spawned in pairs, suggesting that self-fertilization may be costly in this species. These results provide insight into the reproductive ecology ofM. leidyiand provide a fundamental resource for researchers working with them in the laboratory.

scholarly journals The sex lives of ctenophores: the influence of light, body size, and self-fertilization on the reproductive output of the sea walnut, Mnemiopsis leidyi

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A Sasson ◽  
Joseph F Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Mnemiopsis Leidyi ◽  
Simultaneous Hermaphrodite ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Critical Insight ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Insight Into

Ctenophores (comb jellies) are emerging as important animals for investigating fundamental questions across numerous branches of biology (e.g., evodevo, neuroscience. and biogeography). Several ctenophore species including, most notably, Mnemiopsis leidyi, are known as invasive species, adding to the importance of studying the ecology of these animals. Despite the growing interest, relatively little is known about ctenophore reproduction. Like most ctenophores, M. leidyi is a simultaneous hermaphrodite capable of self-fertilization. In this study, we assess the influence of light on spawning, the effect of body size on spawning likelihood and reproductive output, and the cost of self-fertilization on egg viability in M. leidyi. Our results suggest that M. leidyi spawning is more strongly influenced by circadian rhythms than specific light clues, and that body size significantly impacts spawning and reproductive output. We also find a lower percentage of viable embryos from M. leidyi that were spawned alone versus those that were spawned in pairs, suggesting that self-fertilization may be costly in these animals. These results provide critical insight into the reproductive ecology of these ctenophores and provide a fundamental resource for researchers working with M. leidyi in the laboratory.

scholarly journals The sex lives of ctenophores: the influence of light, body size, and self-fertilization on the reproductive output of the sea walnut, Mnemiopsis leidyi

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A Sasson ◽  
Joseph F Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Mnemiopsis Leidyi ◽  
Simultaneous Hermaphrodite ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Critical Insight ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Insight Into

Ctenophores (comb jellies) are emerging as important animals for investigating fundamental questions across numerous branches of biology (e.g., evodevo, neuroscience. and biogeography). Several ctenophore species including, most notably, Mnemiopsis leidyi, are known as invasive species, adding to the importance of studying the ecology of these animals. Despite the growing interest, relatively little is known about ctenophore reproduction. Like most ctenophores, M. leidyi is a simultaneous hermaphrodite capable of self-fertilization. In this study, we assess the influence of light on spawning, the effect of body size on spawning likelihood and reproductive output, and the cost of self-fertilization on egg viability in M. leidyi. Our results suggest that M. leidyi spawning is more strongly influenced by circadian rhythms than specific light clues, and that body size significantly impacts spawning and reproductive output. We also find a lower percentage of viable embryos from M. leidyi that were spawned alone versus those that were spawned in pairs, suggesting that self-fertilization may be costly in these animals. These results provide critical insight into the reproductive ecology of these ctenophores and provide a fundamental resource for researchers working with M. leidyi in the laboratory.

scholarly journals THE COST OF REPRODUCTION INDUCED BY BODY SIZE AT BIRTH AND BREEDING DENSITY

Evolution ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 2822-2831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuula A. Oksanen ◽  
Minna Koivula ◽  
Esa Koskela ◽  
Tapio Mappes
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
Breeding Density ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Size At Birth

MEASURING THE COST OF REPRODUCTION: A COMMENT ON PAPERS BY BELL

Evolution ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1338-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Reznick ◽  
Elgin Perry ◽  
Joseph Travis
Keyword(s):  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
The Cost

Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait?

1988 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Heglund ◽  
C. R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Frequency Change ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
The Cost

In this study we investigate how speed and stride frequency change with body size. We use this information to define ‘equivalent speeds’ for animals of different size and to explore the factors underlying the six-fold difference in mass-specific energy cost of locomotion between mouse- and horse-sized animals at these speeds. Speeds and stride frequencies within a trot and a gallop were measured on a treadmill in 16 species of wild and domestic quadrupeds, ranging in body size from 30 g mice to 200 kg horses. We found that the minimum, preferred and maximum sustained speeds within a trot and a gallop all change in the same rather dramatic manner with body size, differing by nine-fold between mice and horses (i.e. all three speeds scale with about the 0.2 power of body mass). Although the absolute speeds differ greatly, the maximum sustainable speed was about 2.6-fold greater than the minimum within a trot, and 2.1-fold greater within a gallop. The frequencies used to sustain the equivalent speeds (with the exception of the minimum trotting speed) scale with about the same factor, the −0.15 power of body mass. Combining this speed and frequency data with previously published data on the energetic cost of locomotion, we find that the mass-specific energetic cost of locomotion is almost directly proportional to the stride frequency used to sustain a constant speed at all the equivalent speeds within a trot and a gallop, except for the minimum trotting speed (where it changes by a factor of two over the size range of animals studied). Thus the energy cost per kilogram per stride at five of the six equivalent speeds is about the same for all animals, independent of body size, but increases with speed: 5.0 J kg-1 stride-1 at the preferred trotting speed; 5.3 J kg-1 stride-1 at the trot-gallop transition speed; 7.5 J kg-1 stride-1 at the preferred galloping speed; and 9.4 J kg-1 stride-1 at the maximum sustained galloping speed. The cost of locomotion is determined primarily by the cost of activating muscles and of generating a unit of force for a unit of time. Our data show that both these costs increase directly with the stride frequency used at equivalent speeds by different-sized animals. The increase in cost per stride with muscles (necessitating higher muscle forces for the same ground reaction force) as stride length increases both in the trot and in the gallop.

An ecological explanation for hyperallometric scaling of reproduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomos Potter ◽  
Anja Felmy
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn wild populations, large individuals have disproportionately higher reproductive output than smaller individuals. We suggest an ecological explanation for this observation: asymmetry within populations in rates of resource assimilation, where greater assimilation causes both increased reproduction and body size. We assessed how the relationship between size and reproduction differs between wild and lab-reared Trinidadian guppies. We show that (i) reproduction increased disproportionately with body size in the wild but not in the lab, where effects of resource competition were eliminated; (ii) in the wild, the scaling exponent was greatest during the wet season, when resource competition is strongest; and (iii) detection of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction is inevitable if individual differences in assimilation are ignored. We propose that variation among individuals in assimilation – caused by size-dependent resource competition, niche expansion, and chance – can explain patterns of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction in natural populations.

Testing the cost of reproduction with the rotifer Brachionus patulus at different pH levels

Limnology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Wang Yin ◽  
Cui Juan Niu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
The Cost
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