scholarly journals The Measurement of Statistical Evidence as the Basis for Statistical Reasoning

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Michael Evans
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
General Problem ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Statistical Reasoning ◽  
Satisfactory State ◽  
State Of Affairs

There are various approaches to the problem of how one is supposed to conduct a statistical analysis. Different analyses can lead to contradictory conclusions in some problems so this is not a satisfactory state of affairs. It seems that all approaches make reference to the evidence in the data concerning questions of interest as a justification for the methodology employed. It is fair to say, however, that none of the most commonly used methodologies is absolutely explicit about how statistical evidence is to be characterized and measured. We will discuss the general problem of statistical reasoning and the development of a theory for this that is based on being precise about statistical evidence. This will be shown to lead to the resolution of a number of problems.

A Better Solution to the General Problem of Creation

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-162
Author(s):  
Jeremy W. Skrzypek
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
General Problem ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Better Than

It is often suggested that, since the state of affairs in which God creates a good universe is better than the state of affairs in which He creates nothing, a perfectly good God would have to create that good universe. Making use of recent work by Christine Korgaard on the relational nature of the good, I argue that the state of affairs in which God creates is actually not better, due to the fact that it is not better for anyone or anything in particular. Hence, even a perfectly good God would not be compelled to create a good universe.

scholarly journals In Vacuo Dispersion-Like Spectral Lags in Gamma-Ray Bursts

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 541
Author(s):  
Giovanni Amelino-Camelia ◽  
Giacomo D’Amico ◽  
Fabrizio Fiore ◽  
Simonetta Puccetti ◽  
Michele Ronco
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Gamma Ray Bursts ◽  
Quantum Geometry

Some recent studies exposed preliminary but rather intriguing statistical evidence of in vacuo dispersion-like spectral lags for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), a linear correlation between time of observation and energy of GRB particles, which is expected in some models of quantum geometry. Those results focused on testing in vacuo dispersion for the most energetic GRB particles, and in particular only included photons with energy at emission greater than 40 GeV. We here extend the window of the statistical analysis down to 5 GeV and find results that are consistent with what had been previously noticed at higher energies.

scholarly journals What is Your Estimand? Defining the Target Quantity Connects Statistical Evidence to Theory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Lundberg ◽  
Rebecca Johnson ◽  
Brandon Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Research Practice

We make only one point in this article. Every quantitative study must be able to answer the question: what is your estimand? The estimand is the target quantity—the purpose of the statistical analysis. Much attention is already placed on how to do estimation; a similar degree of care should be given to defining the thing we are estimating. We advocate that authors state the central quantity of each analysis—the theoretical estimand—in precise terms that exist outside of any statistical model. In our framework, researchers do three things: (1) set a theoretical estimand, clearly connecting this quantity to theory, (2) link to an empirical estimand, which is informative about the theoretical estimand under some identification assumptions, and (3) learn from data. Adding precise estimands to research practice expands the space of theoretical questions, unlocks new tools with which to answer them, and heightens clarity about the link between theory and evidence.

Part IV Measurement, 16 Legal Issues with Statistical Evidence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veljanovski Cento
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Economic Evidence ◽  
Standard Of Proof ◽  
Significance Levels ◽  
General Concern

This chapter examines some of the legal and evidential issues surrounding statistical evidence. Courts are wary of statistical analysis and treat it as complex and difficult to reconcile with legal methods of determining damages based on documentary evidence. Indeed, the problem of estimated averages can conflict with the court’s approach. Moreover, there are statistical, economic, and legal issues surrounding statistical significance. The general concern is that reliance on conventional statistical significance levels may not reflect the legal standard of proof. The court can be assisted by the Practical Guide and Pass-on Guidelines of the European Commission, but also the best practice guidance of competition authorities for the submission of economic evidence.

scholarly journals CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF MICE

1969 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Shearer ◽  
G. Cudkowicz ◽  
R. L. Priore
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Sheep Erythrocytes ◽  
Focal Area ◽  
Marrow Cells

Thymocytes and marrow cells of unprimed donor mice were mixed in vitro and transplanted into X-irradiated syngeneic mice. 18 hr later, sheep erythrocytes were injected to induce immune responses. Splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) secreting IgM (direct PFC) or IgG (indirect PFC) hemolytic antibody were enumerated at the time of peak responses. By transplanting graded and limiting numbers of thymocytes with 4 x 107 marrow cells, inocula were found which contained one or a few thymic antigen-reactive cells (ARC) reaching the recipient spleens, interacting with marrow cells, and inducing PFC formation. The frequency values of ARC inferred from direct and indirect plaque assays were very similar, 1 in ∼107 thymocytes. Furthermore, statistical analysis indicated that the formation of direct PFC was not independent of the formation of indirect PFC. This was interpreted to mean that ARC were not specialized themselves and did not determine the molecular class of antibody to be secreted after interaction with marrow cells. Spleens of thymus-marrow grafted mice containing one or two ARC and non-limiting numbers of marrow precursors of PFC (P-PFC), had direct and indirect PFC clustered in several focal areas. Assuming that each focal area represented the progeny of one P-PFC that had interacted with ARC, these results confirmed the statistical evidence for lack of class differentiation in thymic ARC, and also indicated that each ARC or its progeny cells interacted with more than one P-PFC of either class.

scholarly journals A Praxeological Approach to Intentional Action

Studia Humana ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-33
Author(s):  
Alan G. Futerman ◽  
Walter E. Block
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Intentional Action ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Ludwig Von Mises ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Social ◽  
Unique Approach ◽  
Satisfactory State ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Von Mises

Abstract The concept of Intentional Action is at the core of Praxeology, as developed by the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises. Under this unique approach, defined as the science of human action and designed to study the field of the social sciences, Mises create “action axiom”: the contention that every acting man more satisfactory state of affairs for a Austrian scholar is able to derive the fundament human action; such as value, scale of value, scarcity, abundance, profit, loss, uncertainty and causality, among others. This paper intends to present the praxeological perspective on intentional action and its epistemologic implications; it also attempts to answer objections to this thesis.

scholarly journals The Syair of Minye Tujuh

2008 ◽  
Vol 163 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 356-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
Arabic Script ◽  
Satisfactory State ◽  
State Of Affairs

The allegedly satisfactory state of affairs suggested by the above quotation relates to one of the most intriguing inscriptions of the Indonesian archipelago, the Malay poem on one of the two tombstones (nisan) of a princess in Minye Tujuh, Aceh. This inscription, dated 781 AH (1380 AD), is written not in the usual Arabic script but in so-called Old Sumatran characters. The particular style which caught the attention of the Dutch epigrapher J.G. de Casparis and which made the inscription so difficult to read refers to the influence of the Arabic script on these old characters. Looking for an explanation of this influence, De Casparis (1975:58-9) suggests that it may have been a matter of training: the Arabic script must have been the most familiar type of script for the clerk charged with the reproduction of the text in stone in old characters.

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