scholarly journals Planning of the Multi-Energy Circular System Coupled with Waste Processing Base: A Case from China

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3910
Author(s):  
Zhang ◽  
Chen ◽  
Gu ◽  
Wang ◽  
Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Cost ◽  
Collaborative Optimization ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Total Annual Cost ◽  
Waste Processing ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Annual Operating Cost ◽  
Energy Economy ◽  
Circular System ◽  
Power To Gas

With the accelerated development of urbanization, waste disposal has become a tough problem. If waste cannot be disposed properly, it will lead to environment pollution and waste of resources. Since the energy utilization of the Waste Processing Base (WPB) has not been considered thoroughly, optimal planning of the Multi-Energy Circular System (MECS) coupled with the WPB is studied in this paper. Based on a typical WPB, this paper adds Power to Gas (P2G) and energy storage equipment, and applies a bi-level optimization model to optimize energy utilization. The minimum of total annual cost is the objective of the upper model, whose decision variables are the capacity of each equipment. The minimum annual operating cost is the lower model’s objective whose decision variables are the control parameters of certain energy equipment. Finally, a practical WPB is used for the demonstration and simulation of the proposed planning scheme. The analysis of the simulation results indicates that the collaborative optimization of the MECS coupled with WPB is effective, and improves the benefits of energy, economy, and environment enormously.

scholarly journals A Day-Ahead Scheduling Model of Electricity-Gas Integrated System with Power-to-Gas

2021 ◽  
Vol 2121 (1) ◽  
pp. 012003
Author(s):  
Jiacheng Ruan ◽  
Yongji Cao
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Power System ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Collaborative Optimization ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Scheduling Model ◽  
Gas System ◽  
Power To Gas ◽  
Natural Gas System

Abstract In recent years, with the increasing of gas-fired power plants and the development of power-to-gas (P2G) technology, and the interdependence between the power system and the natural gas system has gradually deepened. This paper proposes a day-ahead optimal scheduling model for an electricity-gas integrated system. Based on P2G, it can realize the two-way movement of energy between the power system and the natural gas system, promote the coordinated and optimized operation of the two energy systems, and improve energy utilization. The model proposed in this paper minimizes the total cost of both systems. Firstly, the power system sub-model and the natural gas system sub-model in the collaborative optimization model are studied separately, and the constraints between the two systems are considered. Then, the piecewise linearization method and DC power flow simplification method are adopted, the nonlinear problem is transformed into a mixed integer linear programming problem. Finally, the load forecast value of the day-ahead dispatch is loaded, and the 24-hour dispatch result is obtained through the simulation platform, and the P2G is used for joint dispatch.

scholarly journals Is Astronomical Research Appropriate for Developing Countries?

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael. S. Snowden
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Annual Operating Cost ◽  
Astronomical Research ◽  
Physics Department ◽  
European Renaissance

AbstractAn unproductive 45-cm astronomical telescope, given by JICA (Japan) to Sri Lanka, raises general questions as to the reasons for unproductive pure science in developing countries. Before installation, site, maintenance, and scientific objectives were discussed. The facility was launched with a conference organised by the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs. Unfortunately, no research or significant education has resulted after four years. The annual operating cost is U.S. $5000 per year, including salary for a trainee, maintenance, and a modest promotional programme. Comparison with a similar installation in Auckland suggests lack of funding or technical competence do not explain the failure in Sri Lanka. The facility in New Zealand, on the roof of Auckland University’s Physics Department, has a slightly smaller budget but has led to modest but useful research and teaching. Lack of financial backing and expertise are often blamed for weak science in developing countries, but examination shows most of these countries have adequately skilled people, and plenty of resources for religion and military. General lack of motivation for science appears to be the principal reason. This lack of interest and highly inefficient bureaucracies are common to scientifically unproductive countries. They mostly lack the cultural and philosphical base of the European Renaissance that motivate the pursuit of modern science, an activity that violates human preferences. There are excellent facilities (ESO, SAAO, Cerro Tololo, and GONG) in some of these same countries, when administered from the West.

Improvements in Fuel Flexibility and Operating Cost Reduction at CSU Drake Station With Targeted In-Furnace Injection™ Technology

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Towell ◽  
Tom Martinez ◽  
David Hightower ◽  
Richard Maxey ◽  
Gerry Snow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Powder River Basin ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Annual Operating Cost ◽  
Environmental Emissions ◽  
Operating Strategies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Powder River Basin Coal

Power generating stations are under continuous pressure to achieve maximum availability, highest efficiency, and minimum environmental emissions at the lowest possible cost. In recent years, increased fuel flexibility has become more critical financially and operationally than ever before. Colorado Springs Utilities (CSU) has been very progressive in adopting and implementing benchmark technologies and operating strategies to help achieve these goals across their diversified generation portfolio, and in particular at four operating coal units representing 462 megawatts in the system. One key strategy employed at CSU’s Martin Drake Station has been to continuously evaluate and test alternative coal feedstocks which have potential to reduce cost while maintaining capacity, fuel supply security, availability, and efficiency. These tests would not have been possible without the use of Fuel Tech’s Targeted In-Furnace Injection™ (TIFI®) technology to control slagging and fouling, reduce forced outages and load drops, and enhance unit efficiency. The TIFI process involves the use of two different forms of fluid dynamics modeling coupled with a virtual reality engine. Together, these simulation methods create a running duplicate of a given furnace with injection overlays and dosage maps to predict the precise trajectory of an injected chemical, helping to ensure as close to 100% coverage of the targeted zones as possible. With TIFI installed on Units 6 and 7 at Martin Drake Station, the operators were able to blend Powder River Basin coal with design fuel up to double the percentages previously achievable. Using TIFI, the plant was able to maintain full load generation, better control slagging deposits, show improvements in heat absorption, and reduce attemperator spray flows over previous blend trials. Including the cost of the TIFI program, the station has demonstrated a potential annual operating cost reduction approaching $4.9 million. Effective return on TIFI program investment is 4:1.

scholarly journals Comparative Technoeconomic Process Analysis of Industrial-Scale Microencapsulation of Bioactives in Cross-Linked Alginate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Strobel ◽  
Lucille Knowles ◽  
Nitin Nitin ◽  
Herbert Scher ◽  
Tina Jeoh
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Technoeconomic Analysis ◽  
Process Economics ◽  
External Gelation ◽  
Annual Operating Cost

<div>The food, chemical, and biotechnology industries offer many potential applications for calcium alginate microencapsulation, but this technique is largely confined to the laboratory bench due to scalability challenges. Scaling up the traditional external gelation method requires several costly unit operations. Alternatively, a consolidated process accomplishes alginate cross-linking in situ during spray-drying to form cross-linked alginate microcapsules (‘the CLAMs process’). This work examined the process economics of these two microencapsulation processes through technoeconomic analysis. Parallel batch process models were constructed in SuperPro Designer, initially for encapsulating emulsified fish oil. At all production scales examined, the capital investment and annual operating cost were lower for the CLAMs process. Modifying the external gelation process marginally improved the process economics, but costs remained elevated. The CLAMs process’ economic advantage stemmed from reducing the number of unit procedures, which lowered the equipment purchase cost and the dependent components of capital investment and annual operating cost. Upon modifying the models for microencapsulating hydrophilic cargo (e.g. enzymes, vitamins, microbial concentrates), the CLAMs process remained favorable at all cargo material costs and cargo loadings examined. This work demonstrates the utility of technoeconomic analysis for evaluating microencapsulation processes and may justify applying the CLAMs process at the industrial scale. </div>

scholarly journals Addressing production bottlenecks and brownstock washer optimization via a membrane concentration system

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 467-478
Author(s):  
DIEGO F. RIVERA ◽  
MAX KLEIMAN-LYNCH ◽  
BRENT D. KELLER ◽  
STEPHEN F. FRAYNE
Keyword(s):  
Black Liquor ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Pulp Mills ◽  
Membrane Systems ◽  
Annual Operating Cost ◽  
Production Increase ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pulp Production

Advancements in membrane systems indicate that they will soon be robust enough to concentrate weak black liquor. To date, the economic impact of membrane systems on brownstock washing in kraft mills has not been studied and is necessary to understand the viability of these emerging systems and their best utilization. This study investigated the savings that a membrane system can generate related to brownstock washing. We found that evaporation costs are the primary barrier for mills seeking to increase wash water usage. Without these additional evaporation costs, we showed that our hypothetical 1000 tons/day bleached and brown pulp mills can achieve annual savings of over $1.0 MM when operating at higher dilution factors and fixed pulp production rate. We then investigated the impact of increasing pulp production on mills limited by their equipment. In washer-limited mill examples, we calculated that membrane systems can reduce the annual operating cost for a 7% production increase by 91%. Similarly, in evaporator-limited mill examples, membrane systems can reduce the annual operating cost for a 7% production increase by 86%. These results indicated that membrane systems make a production increase significantly more feasible for these equipment-limited mills.

scholarly journals Comparative Technoeconomic Process Analysis of Industrial-Scale Microencapsulation of Bioactives in Cross-Linked Alginate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Strobel ◽  
Lucille Knowles ◽  
Nitin Nitin ◽  
Herbert Scher ◽  
Tina Jeoh
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Technoeconomic Analysis ◽  
Process Economics ◽  
External Gelation ◽  
Annual Operating Cost

<div>The food, chemical, and biotechnology industries offer many potential applications for calcium alginate microencapsulation, but this technique is largely confined to the laboratory bench due to scalability challenges. Scaling up the traditional external gelation method requires several costly unit operations. Alternatively, a consolidated process accomplishes alginate cross-linking in situ during spray-drying to form cross-linked alginate microcapsules (‘the CLAMs process’). This work examined the process economics of these two microencapsulation processes through technoeconomic analysis. Parallel batch process models were constructed in SuperPro Designer, initially for encapsulating emulsified fish oil. At all production scales examined, the capital investment and annual operating cost were lower for the CLAMs process. Modifying the external gelation process marginally improved the process economics, but costs remained elevated. The CLAMs process’ economic advantage stemmed from reducing the number of unit procedures, which lowered the equipment purchase cost and the dependent components of capital investment and annual operating cost. Upon modifying the models for microencapsulating hydrophilic cargo (e.g. enzymes, vitamins, microbial concentrates), the CLAMs process remained favorable at all cargo material costs and cargo loadings examined. This work demonstrates the utility of technoeconomic analysis for evaluating microencapsulation processes and may justify applying the CLAMs process at the industrial scale. </div>

scholarly journals A Two-Stage Configuration Method of Integrated Community Energy System Considering Demand Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 252 ◽  
pp. 03011
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Yang ◽  
Tianxiang Xie ◽  
Chang Zhang ◽  
Jie Dong ◽  
Jianhao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Investment Cost ◽  
Annual Operating Cost

The integrated community energy system (ICES) has aroused considerable attention for its low emission and high operating efficiency. The existing configuration methods for ICES with multi-energy sectors ignored the controllable load. In this paper, a two-stage configuration method of ICES is developed to achieve the minimum annual investing and operating cost. At the first stage, the capacities of components in ICES are optimized to minimize the annual investment cost of ICES. At the second stage, the annual operating cost including the electricity and gas purchase costs and the component maintenance cost is minimized to satisfy the energy load. The controllable load under the time-of-use energy price in seasonal typical days is considered in the second stage. Relevant simulations are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed configuration method for ICES. Considering the controllable load, comparative simulations illustrate that the proposed configuration method can significantly reduce the battery investment cost.

scholarly journals Optimization Strategy of Multiarea Interconnected Integrated Energy System Based on Consistency Theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yuan Yu ◽  
Tieyan Zhang ◽  
Yan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Collaborative Optimization ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Consistency Theory ◽  
Single Region ◽  
Integrated Energy System

A collaborative optimization strategy of an integrated energy system aiming at improving energy efficiency is studied in this paper for the cluster optimization of an integrated energy system (IES). In this paper, an improved discrete consistency method based on the coordination optimization method for IES is proposed. An IES model considering the mixed energy supply of electricity, heat, and gas is constructed in a single region. And then an objective function with the maximum return is established, on the premise of assuming that the prices of electricity, heat, and gas can be used as an economical means to adjust the energy utilization. Finally, the consistency theory is applied to the IES, and the improved discrete consistency algorithm is utilized to optimize the objective function. In the case study, a certain region IES is taken as an example in Northeast China. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness and accuracy of the coordination optimization method for IES.

Commercial Boiler Waste-Heat Utilization for Air Conditioning in Developing Countries

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Garimella ◽  
V. S. Garimella
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Coal Consumption ◽  
Electric Capacity ◽  
Annual Operating Cost ◽  
Steam Boilers ◽  
Cooling Loads

This study investigates the utilization of waste heat from commercial process steam boilers for air conditioning using absorption cooling systems. An ammonia-water generator absorber heat exchange system was developed and modeled to use waste heat from the boiler flue gases and deliver chilled water. Based on approximately 1000 process steam boilers at an average throughput of 2000 kg/h in one metropolitan area in India, the study estimates that installation of these systems could result in annual operating cost savings of $10,200,000 in this region alone. These 1000 systems would also reduce the installed electric capacity needs by 16 MW. Annual coal consumption would decrease by 87,000 tonnes, while ash production would decrease by 39,000 tonnes. Carbon-based emissions are estimated to decrease by 176,000 tonnes. Therefore, installation of these systems on a countrywide basis and also in other developing countries with high year-round cooling loads and coal-based power generation would significantly alleviate installed power capacity shortages, conserve energy resources, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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