scholarly journals Multivariate Analysis of the Brinell Hardness of Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) Wood in Poland

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1308
Author(s):  
Hubert Lachowicz ◽  
Rafał Wojtan ◽  
Antons Seleznovs ◽  
Jānis Lāceklis-Bertmanis ◽  
Aivars Kaķītis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Brinell Hardness ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Forest District

An analysis was undertaken of the Brinell hardness of silver birch wood and its dependence on stand location, tree age, tree thickness and forest habitat type, and the interactions between these factors. Wood was obtained from 12 forest districts throughout Poland, from trees aged approximately 30, 50, and 70 years. A total of 51 study plots was established, from which 306 trees were taken. Hardness was measured on three surfaces (transverse, radial, and tangential sections) for 4777 samples, giving a total of 14,331 measurements. It was shown that the hardness of silver birch wood in Poland is significantly influenced by location, tree age, tree thickness, and habitat type, and by interactions between those factors. Habitat type was not shown to affect radial hardness, except in the case of Giżycko forest district. For the whole of the analysed material, the mean hardness on a transverse section was calculated as 66.26 MPa, corresponding to a very hard wood on Mörath’s scale, whereas the values for the longitudinal sections (radial 44.06 MPa, tangential 44.02 MPa) correspond to a soft wood.

scholarly journals Variability in the basic density of silver birch wood in Poland

Silva Fennica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Lachowicz ◽  
Anna Bieniasz ◽  
Rafał Wojtan
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Forest Habitat ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Forest District

This work presents the findings of a study concerning variability in the basic density of silver birch ( Roth) wood, depending on the geographical location of tree stands, the age and thickness of the trees, the forest habitat type, and interactions between some of these factors. The study was carried out on wood from trees aged approximately 30, 50 and 70 years in 12 forest districts located throughout Poland. In total 4777 wood samples, taken from 306 trees from 51 test plots, were measured. The location, the age of the trees, the thickness of the trees and the forest habitat type, as well as interactions between these factors, proved to have a significant influence on the basic density of silver birch wood. The highest mean values of the basic density of the birch wood were found in Sokołów forest district on the FBF habitat type (549 kg m) and in Giżycko forest district on the FMBF habitat type (548 kg m). For the entire set of examined material, the average values of the basic density of wood increase with tree age. For the examined material originating in FBF and FMBF habitats the average values of basic density showed no significant differences; however, in the cases of the forest districts of Giżycko, Łobez and Rudziniec, significant differences in the analysed property were observed.Betula pendula–3–3

scholarly journals The Influence of Location, Tree Age and Forest Habitat Type on Basic Fuel Properties of the Wood of the Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 638-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Lachowicz ◽  
Magdalena Sajdak ◽  
Piotr Paschalis-Jakubowicz ◽  
Wojciech Cichy ◽  
Rafał Wojtan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Forest Habitat ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth

scholarly journals The effect of tree age, daily sap volume and date of sap collection on the content of minerals and heavy metals in silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) tree sap

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244435
Author(s):  
Paweł Staniszewski ◽  
Maciej Bilek ◽  
Wojciech Szwerc ◽  
Robert Tomusiak ◽  
Paweł Osiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Health Safety ◽  
Nutritional Benefits ◽  
Lead Nickel

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the age of trees, daily sap volume as well as the term of tapping birch sap collected in the forest environment on the content of selected minerals (zinc, copper and manganese) and heavy metals (lead, nickel, chromium and cadmium). The study was performed on material taken from two stands (aged 34 and 84 years) in a moist broadleaved forest habitat with a dominant share of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). The research results confirmed the presence of both nutritional essential minerals and hazardous heavy metals in the birch sap. At the same time, the content of minerals and heavy metals was found to be very variable and the differences between their concentrations, recorded on the same day of collecting in several trees of the same age group, can be even several dozen times higher. Depending on the examined elements, the factors influencing their content vary. The age of the trees determines only the manganese content; daily sap volume significantly affects the content of manganese and copper, and date of collection differentiates the content of zinc, lead, nickel and cadmium. The results may be interesting in the context of developing procedures for collecting birch sap for the purpose of obtaining raw material with beneficial nutritional values and a high level of health safety. For this reason, our recommendation for guaranteeing the health safety and high nutritional value of birch sap is to combine batches of raw material taken from as many trees as possible, and at the same time to publicize the fact that collecting birch sap from just one single tree may result in a raw material that is both dangerous and has no nutritional benefits.

scholarly journals Structure of silver birch wood fibers (Betula pendula Roth.) in north-eastern Poland

2010 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Lachowicz
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
North Eastern

Struktura włókien drewna brzozy brodawkowatej (Betula pendulaRoth.) w północno-wschodniej Polsce

scholarly journals The effect of tree age on the chemical composition of the wood of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) in Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 1135-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Lachowicz ◽  
Hanna Wróblewska ◽  
Rafał Wojtan ◽  
Magdalena Sajdak
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Forest Habitats

Abstract The article presents the results of a so far most extensive study on the effect of tree age on variation of the chemical structure of silver birch wood carried out in Poland. Field studies took place in 12 forestry districts distributed throughout the country. In each district, study sites were selected with stands aged approximately 30, 50, and 70 years in fresh broadleaved forest habitats, as well as in five districts in fresh mixed broadleaved forest habitats. Analyses were made of the contents of substances soluble in cold and hot water, ethanol and 1% NaOH, as well as the contents of cellulose, lignin, pentosans and ash, and the pH, of wood from 306 silver birch trees. Tree age was shown to have a significant effect on the contents of cellulose, pentosans, ash, and substances soluble in 1% NaOH. In the case of the other characteristics, age was found to have no significant effect. The cellulose content was lowest in 30-year-old stands and increased with tree age. Similar observations were made regarding ash content. Contents of pentosans and substances soluble in 1% NaOH were highest in the wood of the youngest trees. Since birch wood is used by the pulp and paper, board and energy industries, the knowledge of its chemical composition, depending on the age of the trees, can be of potential practical importance for its further application.

scholarly journals The chemical composition of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) wood in Poland depending on forest stand location and forest habitat type

Cellulose ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 3047-3067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Lachowicz ◽  
Hanna Wróblewska ◽  
Magdalena Sajdak ◽  
Magdalena Komorowicz ◽  
Rafał Wojtan
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Forest Habitat ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth

Chemical changes in silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) wood caused by hydrogen peroxide bleaching and monitored by color measurement (CIELab) and UV-Vis, FTIR and UVRR spectroscopy

Holzforschung ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi Mononen ◽  
Anna-Stiina Jääskeläinen ◽  
Leila Alvila ◽  
Tuula T. Pakkanen ◽  
Tapani Vuorinen
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide Solution ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Color Measurements ◽  
Bleaching Treatment ◽  
Acidic Hydrogen ◽  
Cielab Color

Abstract Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) wood was subjected to bleaching with acidic hydrogen peroxide solution. The color change and chemical changes occurring on bleaching were investigated by CIELab color measurements and UV-Vis, FTIR and UVRR spectroscopy. With bleaching, the color of birch wood changed notably towards white, less red and more yellow, revealed by the CIELab color measurements, however, followed by notable yellowing in 343 days. The chemical changes occurring with the bleaching treatment in the xylem of birch, demonstrated by UV-Vis, FTIR and UVRR spectroscopy, indicated degradation of aromatic structures with a simultaneous increase in relative amounts of unconjugated carbonyl structures. The results indicate that the degradation of aromatic structures involved opening of the aromatic ring possibly leading to the formation of muconic acids or other low molecular weight products rich in carbonyl structures. In addition, in birch wood subjected to bleaching treatment with acidic hydrogen peroxide solution, syringyl structures provided favorable sites for the degradation of aromatic structures.

scholarly journals Towards Silviculture Guidelines to Produce Large-Sized Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth) Logs in Western Europe

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Héloïse Dubois ◽  
Hugues Claessens ◽  
Gauthier Ligot
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Timber Tree ◽  
Northeastern France

Forest health problems arising from climate change, pests and pathogens are a threat to the main timber tree species. As a result, silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) has become a precious asset for meeting oncoming forestry challenges in western Europe. However, silviculture guidelines to produce high-value birch logs in this region are lacking. Producing large-sized birch trunks requires crown release, i.e., removing crown competitors around selected target trees. These interventions are currently seldom carried out or else too late when the growth potential of the trees has already diminished. This study set out to ascertain the diameter at breast height (dbh) that could be reached by crown-released birch, determine dbh-associated crown diameters, and further characterize the gain obtained from early crown release on birch dbh growth. We measured 704 birch trees that had undergone crown release in 38 naturally regenerated pure birch stands in southern Belgium and in northeastern France. We then evaluated the variation in stem and crown diameter, and analyzed increments in response to the earliness of the interventions in three subsamples, also compared with control target birch. We found that trees with a dbh of 50 cm could be grown within 60 years. Based on crown diameter, to produce 40, 50 and 60 cm dbh trunk, the distance required between target birch trees at the end of the rotation was around 8, 10 and 12 m. With no intervention and in ordinary dense birch regenerations, the dbh increment was found to decline once the stand reached age 4–7 years. Starting crown release in stands aged 4–5 years can double the dbh increment of target trees and provide a continual gain that may last up to 20 years. When birch crowns are released after 9–12 years, it may already be too late for them to recover their best growth rate. Our contribution should help complete emerging guidelines in support of birch silviculture development.

scholarly journals Adult Feeding Preference and Fecundity in the Large Pine Weevil, Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 473
Author(s):  
Petr Doležal ◽  
Lenka Kleinová ◽  
Markéta Davídková
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Hylobius Abietis ◽  
Feeding Preferences ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Coniferous Species ◽  
Adult Feeding ◽  
The Mean

Adult feeding preferences of Hylobius abietis on Picea abies, Larix decidua, Pinus sylvestris, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies alba and Betula pendula were tested in outdoor conditions. The preferred food source was P. menziesii, and the mean bark area consumed per seedling was 440.8 ± 147.9 mm2. The second most preferred host was P. abies. The coniferous species that suffered the least damage was A. alba (76.8 ± 62.56 mm2 per seedling). B. pendula was the least preferred source of food, and it caused mortality of 60% of weevils that fed on it. Weevils exhibited large differences in fecundity when fed with different tree species in a laboratory experiment. The largest number of eggs was laid by females fed with P. abies. Mean egg numbers reached 26.4 ± 24.89 eggs per experiment for P. abies. Similar fecundity was observed in weevils fed with twigs of P. sylvestris. Oviposition was approximately six times lower in females fed with L. decidua and P. menziesii. The maximum number of eggs laid by a single female during a one-month experiment was 90. The results are discussed in relation to management of H. abietis.

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