Comparative Wood Anatomy in Pinaceae with Reference to Its Systematic Position

The wood anatomy of 132 species of the genera Abies, Cathaya, Cedrus, Keteleeria, Larix, Nothotsuga, Picea, Pinus, Pseudolarix, Pseudotsuga and Tsuga was studied to determine the elements that characterise the xylem of each genus and discuss possible groupings by wood anatomy for comparison with clades established by molecular phylogeny. The presence of resin canals and ray tracheids supports the family Pinaceae, although the absence of ray tracheids in Keteleeria and their occasional presence in Abies and Pseudolarix weakens it. Based on wood structure, Pinaceae clearly supports division into two groups, coinciding with molecular phylogeny: Pinoideae (Cathaya-Larix-Picea-Pinus-Pseudotsuga) and Abietoideae (Abies-Cedrus-Keteleeria-Nothotsuga-Pseudolarix-Tsuga). Although differences between genera are slight in Pinoideae, the Abietoideae group presents problems such as the presence of only axial resin canals in Keteleeria and Nothotsuga, absence of ray tracheids in Keteleeria and presence of traumatic radial resin canals in Cedrus. However, other features such as pitted horizontal walls and nodular end walls of ray parenchyma cells, indentures, scarce marginal axial parenchyma and presence of crystals in ray parenchyma strengthen the Abietoideae group.

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Wood Anatomy Of The Genus Abies A Review

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000217 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 231-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luis García Esteban ◽

Paloma de Palacios ◽

Francisco García Fernández ◽

Ruth Moreno

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Single Cells ◽

The Other ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Interspecific Differences ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Resin Canals

The literature on the wood anatomy of the genus Abies is reviewed and discussed, and complemented with a detailed study of 33 species, 1 subspecies and 4 varieties. In general, the species studied do not show diagnostic interspecific differences, although it is possible to establish differences between groups of species using certain quantitative and qualitative features.The marginal axial parenchyma consisting of single cells and the ray parenchyma cells with distinctly pitted horizontal walls, nodular end walls and presence of indentures are constant for the genus, although these features also occur in the other genera of the Abietoideae. The absence of ray tracheids in Abies can be used to distinguish it from Cedrus and Tsuga, and the irregularly shaped parenchymatous marginal ray cells are only shared with Cedrus. The absence of resin canals enables Abies to be distinguished from very closely related genera such as Keteleeria and Nothotsuga. The crystals in the ray cells, taxodioid cross-field pitting and the warty layer in the tracheids can be regarded as diagnostic generic features.

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Wood Anatomy of Bhesa Sinica (Celastraceae)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001144 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 57-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhang Xinying ◽

Pieter Baas ◽

Alberta M. W. Mennega

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

The Other ◽

Anatomical Character ◽

The Family ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells

The wood anatomy of Bhesa sinica (Chang ' Liang) Chang ' Liang, the only species of the genus occurring in China, is described in detail and compared with other Celastraceae. Bhesa sinica closely resembles other species of the genus, in e. g. vessels mainly in radial multiples, exclusively scalariform perforations, large and (almost) simple vessel-ray pits; parenchyma in fine irregular bands, in long (over 8-celled) strands; thick-walled, non septate libriform fibres; 1-5-seriate heterocellular rays, and prismatic crystals in chambered axial and ray parenchyma cells. This combination of characters is not known to occur in any of the other genera of the Celastraceae, and most individual wood anatomical character states of Bhesa are also unusual within the family. The isolated position of the genus in the Celastraceae is discussed.

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Ray Structure in Root- and Stem-Wood of Larix Decidua: Implications for Root Identification and Function

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000166 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 17-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Pat Denne ◽

Peter Gasson

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Larix Decidua ◽

Stem Wood ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

And Function

Differences in ray structure between root- and stem-wood of softwoods can cause confusion in identifying roots using keys based on stem-wood anatomy. Comparison of root- and stem-wood rays of Larix decidua showed root-wood had fewer ray tracheids, taller, wider but shorter ray parenchyma cells, and larger cross-field pits than stem-wood. The implications of these differences are considered in relation to the identification and function of roots.

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INHIBITION OF WATER CONDUCTIVITY CAUSED BY WATERMARK DISEASE IN SALIX SACHALINENSIS

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000236 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 49-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Yasuaki Sakamoto ◽

Yuzou Sano

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

High Moisture ◽

Water Conductivity ◽

X Ray ◽

Salix Sachalinensis ◽

Water Conduction ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

High Moisture Level ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells

Water conduction and wood anatomy of Salix sachalinensis attacked by watermark disease were investigated. The internal symptom, the watermark, appeared as a brown to brown-black stained zone in sapwood. Dye injection tests revealed that water conduction did not take place in the watermark. However, soft X-ray photography and cryo-scanning electron microscopy revealed that the watermark had a high moisture level. In the watermark, some of the vessels were plugged with tyloses and masses of bacteria, and some of the ray parenchyma cells caused necrosis. Hence, the non-conductive watermark in sapwood can be considered similar to discoloured wood or wetwood.

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Comparative Wood Anatomy of Southern South American Cupressaceae

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001263 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 151-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Fidel A. Roig

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Parenchyma Cell ◽

Interspecific Variation ◽

South American ◽

Distributional Pattern ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Comparative Wood Anatomy ◽

Fitzroya Cupressoides

The wood anatomy is described for the Cupressaceae indigenous to southem South America: Austrocedrus chilensis, Pilgerodendron uviferum and Fitzroya cupressoides. The abundance and distributional pattern of axial parenchyma within each annual ring, height, and the presence or absence of nodules in the end walls of ray parenchyma are all useful anatomical features for distinguishing between the three species. Physical characteristics such as odour and heartwood colour also can be used to separate these species. Axial parenchyma cell length and tracheid length show considerable interspecific variation. Tracheid lengths of Pilgerodendron, but not of Austrocedrus and Fitzroya, decrease with increasing latitude.

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WOOD ANATOMY OF MYRCIARIA, NEOMITRANTHES, PLINIA AND SIPHONEUGENA SPECIES (MYRTEAE, MYRTACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-00000026 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 313-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gabriel U.C.A. Santos ◽

Cátia H. Callado ◽

Marcelo da Costa Souza ◽

Cecilia G. Costa

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Bordered Pits ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Square Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Fruit Characters

Myrciaria, Neomitranthes, Plinia and Siphoneugena are closely related genera whose circumscriptions are controversial. The distinctions between Myrciaria vs. Plinia, and Neomitranthes vs. Siphoneugena, have been based on a few fruit characters. The wood anatomy of 24 species of these genera was examined to determine if wood anatomical features could help delimit the genera. It was determined the four genera cannot reliably be separated by wood anatomy alone. Characteristics seen in all four genera are: growth rings usually poorly-defined; diffuse porous; exclusively solitary vessels, usually circular to oval in outline; simple perforation plates; vessel-ray pits alternate and distinctly bordered; fibers with distinctly bordered pits in radial and tangential walls, usually very thickwalled; vasicentric tracheids typically absent; scanty paratracheal parenchyma, sometimes unilateral, and diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates; chambered crystalliferous axial parenchyma in many species, usually both prismatic and smaller crystals; rays 1–4-seriate, uniseriate rays composed of upright/square cells, multiseriate rays with procumbent body cells and 1 to many marginal rows of upright/square cells; disjunctive ray parenchyma cells usually present.

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Comparative wood anatomy of Juniperus from Macaronesia

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-00000059 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 186-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Paloma de Palacios ◽

Luis G. Esteban ◽

Francisco G. Fernández ◽

Alberto García-Iruela ◽

María Conde ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

The Other ◽

Significance Level ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Natural Region ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

First Time ◽

Comparative Wood Anatomy ◽

Representative Samples ◽

Number Of Cells

The wood anatomy of the three species of Juniperus occurring in Macaronesia is compared for the first time using representative samples of each species collected in its natural region of provenance: J. cedrus Webb & Berthel and J. phoenicea L. var. canariensis Guyot, in the Canary Islands, and J. brevifolia (Seub.) Antoine, in the Azores. The three species are anatomically similar, although some qualitative differences were observed: distribution of axial parenchyma very scarce in J. phoenicea compared with the other two species, presence of crassulae only in J. phoenicea, presence of torus extensions and notches on pit borders in the radial walls of J. brevifolia, and ray parenchyma end walls slightly nodular in J. cedrus as opposed to very nodular in J. phoenicea and J. brevifolia. In addition, the biometry of tracheid pit diameter in the radial walls, ray height in number of cells, and largest and smallest diameters of cross-field pits shows differences for a significance level of 95%.

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How Long Do Wood Parenchyma Cells Live in the Stem of a Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)? Studies on Cell Nuclei Status along the Radial and Longitudinal Stem Axes

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10110977 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 977 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mirela Tulik ◽

Joanna Jura-Morawiec ◽

Anna Bieniasz ◽

Katarzyna Marciszewska

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Apical Meristem ◽

Uv Light ◽

Cell Nuclei ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells

This paper deals with the spatial distribution of heartwood in Scots pine stems (Pinus sylvestris L.), determined on the basis of the absence of nuclei in parenchyma cells. Samples were collected at several heights from two Scots pine stems growing in fresh coniferous stand as codominant trees. Transverse and radial sections were cut from the samples and stained with acetocarmine to detect the nuclei and with I2KI to show starch grains. Unstained sections were also observed under ultraviolet (UV) light to reveal cell wall lignification. The shapes of the nuclei in ray and axial parenchyma cells differed: the axial parenchyma cells had rounded nuclei, while the nuclei of the ray parenchyma cells were elongated. The lifespan of the parenchyma cells was found to be 16–42 years; the longest-lived were cells from the base of the stem, and the shortest-lived were from the base of the crown. The largest number of growth rings comprising heartwood was observed at a height of 1.3–3.3 m, which signifies that the distribution of heartwood within the stem is uneven. Moreover, the distance of the cells from the apical meristem and the cambium was seen to have an effect on the presence of living parenchyma cells, i.e., those with stained nuclei.

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Diffusion Pathways for Heartwood Substances in Acacia Mangium

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000201 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 37-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Chunhua Zhang ◽

Hisashi Abe ◽

Yuzou Sano ◽

Takeshi Fujiwara ◽

Minoru Fujita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Acacia Mangium ◽

Intercellular Spaces ◽

Structural Variations ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Dimensional Network ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Resin Cast ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells

The cellular distribution of heartwood substances and the structure of the pathways for their diffusion were studied in Acacia mangium Willd. Apart from ray parenchyma cells, axial parenchyma cells also are involved in the formation of heartwood substances. Heartwood substances were unevenly distributed in the heartwood. A closer inspection of interfibre pit pairs revealed that, although many pit membranes were completely covered with encrusting materials, some pit pairs had many small openings on their pit membranes. The openings possibly function as intercellular diffusion pathways for heartwood substances. The sizes of the pits varied considerably, ranging from 0.4 to 2.3 μm in diameter. These structural variations in the interfiber pits might be one of the factors contributing to the uneven distribution of the heartwood substances. A large number of blind pits were present in the ray parenchyma cells and faced the intercellular spaces, into which heartwood substances from the ray parenchyma cells were released via these blind pits. Resin-cast replicas demonstrated that the intercellular spaces and the blind pits formed a three-dimensional network that is considered to serve as an extracellular diffusion pathway for heartwood substances.

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Formation of Traumatic Phloem Resin Canals in Chamaecyparis Obtusa

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001128 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 384-394 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Katsuji Yamanaka

Keyword(s):

Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽

Resin Canal ◽

Mechanical Wounding ◽

Anatomical Changes ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Resin Canals

Anatomical changes in traumatic phloem resin canal formation induced in Chamaecyparis obtusa S. ' Z. were examined periodically after mechanical wounding. Five to seven days after wounding, the parenchyma cells close or closest to the cambium at the time of injury expand radially, and then between the seventh to the ninth day, the expanding parenchyma cells developed into tangential rows. Some of the cells simultaneously divided periclinally within nine to fifteen days after being wounded. Moreover, derivatives schizogenously separated from each other and continued to divide. The spaces were enlarged by tangential and radial division of parenchyma cells. The axial and ray parenchyma cells divided mainly periclinally and also anticlinally to form canals, and eventually, circular or elliptic resin canals c. 100 to 200 µm in diameter in regular tangential rows, separated by ray cells. Traumatic phloem resin canals form a tangentially anastomosing network.

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