scholarly journals A Power Sequence Interaction Function for Liquid Phase Particles

Fluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Otto G. Piringer
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Atomic Mass Unit ◽  
Vapor Pressures ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Mass Unit ◽  
Interaction Function ◽  
Melting Temperatures ◽  
Limit Value

In this manuscript, a function is derived that allows the interactions between the atoms/molecules in nanoparticles, nanodrops, and macroscopic liquid phases to be modeled. One goal of molecular theories is the development of expressions to predict specific physical properties of liquids for which no experimental data are available. A big limitation of reliable applications of known expressions is that they are based on the interactions between pairs of molecules. There is no reason to suppose that the energy of interaction of three or more molecules is the sum of the pairwise interaction energies alone. Here, an interaction function with the limit value w = e2π/e is presented, which allows for the derivation of the atomic mass unit and acts as a bridge between properties of elementary particles and emergent properties of macroscopic systems. The following properties of liquids are presented using the introduced interaction function: melting temperatures of n-alkanes, nanocrystals of polyethylene, melting temperatures of metal nanoparticles, solid–liquid phase transition temperatures for water in nanopores, critical temperatures and critical pressures of n-alkanes, vapor pressures in liquids and liquid droplets, self-diffusion coefficients of compounds in liquids, binary liquid diffusion coefficients, diffusion coefficients in liquids at infinite dilution, diffusion in polymers, and viscosities in liquids.

Vapor pressures and vapor liquid equilibria in the systems: (1) acetone – chloroform, (2) acetone – carbon tetrachloride, (3) benzene – carbon tetrachloride

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (20) ◽  
pp. 3173-3184 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
G. M. Musbally
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Interaction Constant ◽  
Liquid Composition ◽  
Binary Interaction ◽  
Vapor Pressures ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Vapor Liquid Equilibria ◽  
System 1

The saturation vapor pressures of ten mixtures of the binary systems (1) acetone – chloroform, (2) acetone – carbon tetrachloride, and (3) benzene – carbon tetrachloride have been determined, from 100 to 230° for system 1 and from 100° up to the highest temperature at which liquid and vapor coexist for systems 2 and 3. The system acetone – chloroform could not be studied at higher temperatures because of decomposition.The gas–liquid critical temperatures of the three binary systems have been determined by the disappearance of meniscus method. The orthobaric compositions of the vapour–liquid equilibria of the binary systems have been measured from 100 to 180° for system 1 and from 100° to the critical region for systems 2 and 3, using a glass bomb enclosed in a steel bomb.From the vapour–liquid composition curves and the vapor pressure curves at constant temperatures (100, 150, 160, 170, and 180°), the existence of an azeotrope in the system acetone–chloroform at these temperatures, and having a composition of 36.2 mole% acetone at 100°, was confirmed. The composition of the azeotrope shifts towards lower acetone content as the temperature is raised. Azeotropes were not found in the systems acetone – carbon tetrachloride and benzene – carbon tetrachloride, over the ranges of temperature and pressure of this research.The data of the binary systems were treated thermodynamically to yield the liquid phase activity coefficients and, as suggested by Chueh and Prausnitz, the Redlick–Kwong equation was used in a modified form to obtain the fugacity coefficients of components in the vapor phase. Several liquid phase parameters, such as the binary interaction constant, Henry's constant, and dilation constant have been calculated, using the van Laar equation as modified by Chueh and Prausnitz.

scholarly journals Volatile loss following cooling and accretion of the Moon revealed by chromium isotopes

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (43) ◽  
pp. 10920-10925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo A. Sossi ◽  
Frédéric Moynier ◽  
Kirsten van Zuilen
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Mass Unit ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Volatile Elements ◽  
Mass Unit ◽  
Earth’S Mantle ◽  
Refractory Elements ◽  
Common Precursor ◽  
Lunar Rocks ◽  
Evaporative Loss ◽  
Volatile Loss

Terrestrial and lunar rocks share chemical and isotopic similarities in refractory elements, suggestive of a common precursor. By contrast, the marked depletion of volatile elements in lunar rocks together with their enrichment in heavy isotopes compared with Earth’s mantle suggests that the Moon underwent evaporative loss of volatiles. However, whether equilibrium prevailed during evaporation and, if so, at what conditions (temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity) remain unconstrained. Chromium may shed light on this question, as it has several thermodynamically stable, oxidized gas species that can distinguish between kinetic and equilibrium regimes. Here, we present high-precision Cr isotope measurements in terrestrial and lunar rocks that reveal an enrichment in the lighter isotopes of Cr in the Moon compared with Earth’s mantle by 100 ± 40 ppm per atomic mass unit. This observation is consistent with Cr partitioning into an oxygen-rich vapor phase in equilibrium with the proto-Moon, thereby stabilizing the CrO2 species that is isotopically heavy compared with CrO in a lunar melt. Temperatures of 1,600–1,800 K and oxygen fugacities near the fayalite–magnetite–quartz buffer are required to explain the elemental and isotopic difference of Cr between Earth’s mantle and the Moon. These temperatures are far lower than modeled in the aftermath of a giant impact, implying that volatile loss did not occur contemporaneously with impact but following cooling and accretion of the Moon.

THE ICE NUCLEATION BEHAVIOR OF AMINO-ACID PARTICLES

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 2431-2445 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Maybank ◽  
N. Barthakur
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Cloud Chamber ◽  
Airborne Particles ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Vapor Pressures ◽  
Nucleation Behavior ◽  
Threshold Temperatures

The problem of whether ice nucleation takes place more readily from the vapor directly to the solid, or via an intermediate liquid phase has been studied for several of the more efficient amino-acid nucleators. It has been shown that the threshold temperatures observed in cloud chamber tests are in fact those of the material acting as freezing nuclei (i.e. via the liquid phase), and any discrepancies between such tests and trials with bulk water may be accounted for satisfactorily by partial destruction of the nucleus surface by the water. Investigations on ice formation about airborne particles and on macroscopic amino-acid crystals have shown that for certain of these substances a transition in behavior takes place around −20 °C. Below this temperature, ice formation no longer requires saturation conditions with respect to supercooled water and so the particles may be considered to act by converting the vapor directly to ice, and can, therefore, be designated sublimation nuclei.The major obstacle in the way of airborne particles acting as freezing nuclei has been the requirement that they act first as condensation centers. Under the conditions prevailing in supercooled clouds with vapor pressures equal to, or barely exceeding that of water saturation, condensation is unlikely on the somewhat hydrophobic surfaces of amino-acid particles. It has been shown, however, by using a radioactive tracer in small water droplets that droplet–particle collisions can occur. While not efficient, this process would permit a few particles in a cloud chamber experiment to act as freezing nuclei, thereby establishing the potential activity of the material itself.

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