scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Functional Diversity in Salivary Glands of Plant Virus Vector, Graminella nigrifrons

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1289
Author(s):  
Swapna Priya Rajarapu ◽  
Raman Bansal ◽  
Priyanka Mittapelly ◽  
Andrew Michel
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Host Defenses ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Graminella Nigrifrons ◽  
Plant Virus Vector

Insect salivary glands play an important role for host feeding, specifically by secreting salivary proteins for digestion and potentially modulating host defenses. Compared to other hemipterans, the significance of salivary glands is less studied in the black-faced leafhopper, Graminella nigrifrons, a crop pest that vectors several agronomically important plant viruses. To identify functionally important genes in the salivary glands of the black-faced leafhopper, we compared transcriptomes between adult salivary glands (SG) and the remaining carcasses. We identified 14,297 salivary gland-enriched transcripts and 195 predicted secretory peptides (i.e., with a signal peptide and extracellular localization characteristics). Overall, the SG transcriptome included functions such as ‘oxidoreduction’, ‘membrane transport’, and ‘ATP-binding’, which might be important for the fundamental physiology of this tissue. We further evaluated transcripts with potential contributions in host feeding using RT-qPCR. Two SG-enriched transcripts (log2 fold change > 5), GnP19 and GnE63 (a putative calcium binding protein), were significantly upregulated in maize-fed adults relative to starved adults, validating their importance in feeding. The SG-enriched transcripts of the black-faced leafhopper could play a potential role for interacting with maize and could be targets of interest for further functional studies and improve pest control and disease transmission.

scholarly journals Calcium-binding proteins in skeletal muscles of the mdx mice: potential role in the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

2010 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Pertille ◽  
Candida Luiza Tonizza de Carvalho ◽  
Cintia Yuri Matsumura ◽  
Humberto Santo Neto ◽  
Maria Julia Marques
Keyword(s):  
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Calcium Binding Proteins ◽  
Mdx Mice

scholarly journals A plant DNA virus replicates in the salivary glands of its insect vector via recruitment of host DNA synthesis machinery

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (29) ◽  
pp. 16928-16937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Zhou He ◽  
Yu-Meng Wang ◽  
Tian-Yan Yin ◽  
Elvira Fiallo-Olivé ◽  
Yin-Quan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Plant Dna ◽  
Leaf Curl

Whereas most of the arthropod-borne animal viruses replicate in their vectors, this is less common for plant viruses. So far, only some plant RNA viruses have been demonstrated to replicate in insect vectors and plant hosts. How plant viruses evolved to replicate in the animal kingdom remains largely unknown. Geminiviruses comprise a large family of plant-infecting, single-stranded DNA viruses that cause serious crop losses worldwide. Here, we report evidence and insight into the replication of the geminivirus tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) vector and that replication is mainly in the salivary glands. We found that TYLCV induces DNA synthesis machinery, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and DNA polymerase δ (Polδ), to establish a replication-competent environment in whiteflies. TYLCV replication-associated protein (Rep) interacts with whitefly PCNA, which recruits DNA Polδ for virus replication. In contrast, another geminivirus, papaya leaf curl China virus (PaLCuCNV), does not replicate in the whitefly vector. PaLCuCNV does not induce DNA-synthesis machinery, and the Rep does not interact with whitefly PCNA. Our findings reveal important mechanisms by which a plant DNA virus replicates across the kingdom barrier in an insect and may help to explain the global spread of this devastating pathogen.

Calcium binding to cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles: potential role as a modifier of contraction

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (6) ◽  
pp. C861-C871 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Bers ◽  
L. A. Allen ◽  
Y. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Cardiac Contractile ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Sarcolemmal Vesicles ◽  
Contractile Performance

Passive Ca binding to cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles isolated from rabbit ventricles was measured under ionic conditions similar to intracellular and extracellular media. The first of two main goals was to evaluate whether certain agents induce changes in Ca binding at the external sarcolemmal surface that might contribute to the overall effect of these agents on cardiac muscle contraction. The agents studied were ouabain, verapamil, nifedipine, Bay K 8644, caffeine, ryanodine, and milrinone over a broad range of concentrations, including concentrations at which these agents exert strong effects on cardiac contractile performance. None of these agents produced significant alterations in Ca binding, such that it is unlikely that any part of their actions can be attributed to changes in Ca binding to the external sarcolemmal surface. In contrast, when [Na] is reduced from 140 mM, sarcolemmal Ca binding increases or decreases depending on what replacement is used to avoid changes of osmolarity. Thus the possible effect of Na reduction on surface Ca must be considered in physiological experiments where extracellular [Na] is changed. The second main goal was to evaluate the effects of membrane potential, Na and Mg on Ca bound to the inner surface of the sarcolemma under ionic conditions similar to those expected intracellularly (e.g., [Ca] = 0.3-5.0 microM). Ca binding was inhibited by physiological concentrations of Na and Mg and was sensitive to membrane potential such that depolarization of a normally polarized cell would cause Ca to be released from these sarcolemmal sites. From a quantitative standpoint, it is not clear whether the effect of depolarization would be to contribute sarcolemmal Ca to the activation of the myofilaments or merely to limit the ability of the inner sarcolemmal surface to buffer the rise in intracellular [Ca] associated with contraction.

scholarly journals Altered taste in patients with COVID‐19: The potential role of salivary glands

Oral Diseases ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlus Silva Pedrosa ◽  
Carla Renata Sipert ◽  
Fernando Neves Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Potential Role

scholarly journals The Role of Phosphotyrosine Signaling Pathway in Parotid Gland Proliferation and Function

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.R. Purushotham ◽  
M.G. Humphreys-Beher
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Tyrosine Kinases ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Secretory Function ◽  
Phosphotyrosine Signaling ◽  
And Function ◽  
Active Proliferation

Tyrosine phosphorylation and the intracellular signaling processes associated with it have been the focus of intense study due to its importance in the regulation of biological processes as diverse as cell proliferation and cell differentiation. While much of what we now understand has been derived from the study of cell lines and tumor cells, the salivary glands provide a model to examine the effects of tyrosine kinases and tyrosine phosphatases in a normal differentiated tissue. This review will focus, therefore, on the role tyrosine kinases and phosphatases play in inducing the transition from stasis to active proliferation and their potential role in mediating secretory function of the salivary glands.

scholarly journals A novel family of secreted insect proteins linked to plant gall development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aishwarya Korgaonkar ◽  
Clair Han ◽  
Andrew L. Lemire ◽  
Igor Siwanowicz ◽  
Djawed Bennouna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Plant Gall

AbstractIn an elaborate form of inter-species exploitation, many insects hijack plant development to induce novel plant organs called galls that provide the insect with a source of nutrition and a temporary home. Galls result from dramatic reprogramming of plant cell biology driven by insect molecules, but the roles of specific insect molecules in gall development have not yet been determined. Here we study the aphid Hormaphis cornu, which makes distinctive “cone” galls on leaves of witch hazel Hamamelis virginiana. We found that derived genetic variants in the aphid gene determinant of gall color (dgc) are associated with strong downregulation of dgc transcription in aphid salivary glands, upregulation in galls of seven genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis, and deposition of two red anthocyanins in galls. We hypothesize that aphids inject DGC protein into galls, and that this results in differential expression of a small number of plant genes. Dgc is a member of a large, diverse family of novel predicted secreted proteins characterized by a pair of widely spaced cysteine-tyrosine-cysteine (CYC) residues, which we named BICYCLE proteins. Bicycle genes are most strongly expressed in the salivary glands specifically of galling aphid generations, suggesting that they may regulate many aspects of gall development. Bicycle genes have experienced unusually frequent diversifying selection, consistent with their potential role controlling gall development in a molecular arms race between aphids and their host plants.One Sentence SummaryAphid bicycle genes, which encode diverse secreted proteins, contribute to plant gall development.

scholarly journals TrackingBorrelia afzeliifrom infectedIxodes ricinusnymphs to mice suggests a direct ‘gut-to-mouth’ route of Lyme disease transmission

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Pospisilova ◽  
Veronika Urbanova ◽  
Ondrej Hes ◽  
Petr Kopacek ◽  
Ondrej Hajdusek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Lyme Borreliosis ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Tick Saliva ◽  
Borrelia Afzelii ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Main Requirement

AbstractQuantitative tracking ofBorrelia afzeliihas shown that its transmission cycle differs from the salivary route ofB. burgdorferitransmission byIxodes scapularis.Borrelia afzeliiare abundant in the guts of unfedIxodes ricinusnymphs and their numbers continuously decrease during feeding. In contrast, spirochetes are not present in the salivary glands.Borrelia afzeliitransmission starts during the early stages of feeding, spirochetes could be detected in murine skin within 1 day of tick attachment. Tick saliva is not essential forB. afzeliiinfectivity, the main requirement for successful host colonization being a change in outer surface protein expression that occurs in the tick gut during feeding. Spirochetes in vertebrate mode are able to survive within the host even if the tick is not present. On the basis of our data we propose that a direct ‘gut-to-mouth’ route of infection appears to be the main route ofB. afzeliitransmission.ImportanceLyme borreliosis is the most common vector-borne disease in the USA and Europe. The disease is caused by theBorreliaspirochetes and is transmitted throughIxodesticks. A better understanding of howBorreliaspirochetes are transmitted is crucial for development of efficient vaccines for preventing Lyme borreliosis. Here we present that the transmission of EuropeanB. afzeliispirochetes byI. ricinusticks significantly differs from the model transmission cycle described for AmericanB. burgdorferi/I. scapularis. We suggest thatB. afzeliiis not transmitted via salivary glands but most likely through the ‘midgut to mouthpart’ route. We further demonstrate that tick saliva is not important forB. afzeliitransmission and infectivity. Therefore, we support early studies by Willy Burgdorfer, who proposed thatBorreliatransmission occurs by regurgitation of infected gut contents. Our findings collectively point to theBorrelia-tick midgut interface as the correct target in our endeavours to combat Lyme borreliosis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document