scholarly journals Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Those 65 and Older: Rates of Detection, Risk Factors, Vaccine Effectiveness, Hospitalisation and Mortality

Geriatrics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Roger E. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Vaccination Rates

Pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) are important causes of morbidity and mortality in seniors worldwide. Incidence rates and serious outcomes worsen with increasing frailty, numbers of risk factors and decreasing immune competence with increasing age. Literature reviews in Medline and Embase were performed for pneumococcal disease incidence, risk factors, vaccination rates and effectiveness in the elderly. The introduction of protein-conjugated pneumoccal vaccines (PCV) for children markedly reduced IPD and PP in seniors, but serotypes not included in vaccines and with previously low levels increased. Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPV23) vaccination does not change nasal and pharyngeal carriage rates. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination rates in seniors are below guideline levels, especially in older seniors and nursing home staff. Pneumococcal and influenza carriage and vaccination rates of family members, nursing home health care workers and other contacts are unknown. National vaccination programmes are effective in increasing vaccination rates. Detection of IPD and PP initially depend on clinical symptoms and new chest X ray infiltrates and then varies according to the population and laboratory tests used. To understand how seniors and especially older seniors acquire PP and IPD data are needed on pneumococcal disease and carriage rates in family members, carers and contacts. Nursing homes need reconfiguring into small units with air ventilation externally from all rooms to minimise respiratory disease transmission and dedicated staff for each unit to minimise transmision of infectious diseaases.

scholarly journals Risk factors and comorbidities for invasive pneumococcal disease in Western Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people

Pneumonia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faye J. Lima ◽  
Deborah Lehmann ◽  
Aoiffe McLoughlin ◽  
Catherine Harrison ◽  
Judith Willis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Australian Aboriginal ◽  
Western Australian

Risk Factors for Pediatric Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the Intermountain West, 1996–2002

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam B. Haddad ◽  
Christina A. Porucznik ◽  
Kerry E. Joyce ◽  
Anindya K. De ◽  
Andrew T. Pavia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Intermountain West

scholarly journals Pneumococcal pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease: immunopathogenesis and diagnosis

Pneumologia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Gina Amanda ◽  
Dianiati Kusumo Sutoyo ◽  
Erlina Burhan
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
High Bacterial Load ◽  
Droplet Nuclei

Abstract Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). It has many virulence factors, the most important being a polysaccharide capsule (Cps). There are 97 different serotypes of pneumococcal based on Cps which include both colonization and invasive serotypes. Pneumococcal pneumonia may exist as a result of either aspiration of bacteria in the nasopharynx or inhalation of droplet nuclei which contains bacteria until they reach the lower respiratory tract. This condition will activate both innate and adaptive immune system. The diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia is established in a patient who has the signs and symptoms of pneumonia, accompanied by the detection of S. pneumoniae in microbiology examination. Pneumococcus may also penetrate into a normally sterile site such as bloodstream, meninges, and pleural cavity, and infection of pneumococcus in those sites are defined as an invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). High bacterial load, dysfunction of the immune system, and co-colonization of another microorganism may also lead to IPD.

scholarly journals Prognostic factors for mortality in invasive pneumococcal disease: a system review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Chen ◽  
Hiromi Matsumoto ◽  
Nobuyuki Horita ◽  
Yu Hara ◽  
Nobuaki Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Overall Mortality

Abstract Risk factors associated with mortality in invasive pneumococcal disease remain unclear. The present work is a meta-analysis of studies that enrolled only patients with invasive pneumococcal disease and reported on mortality. Potentially eligible reports were identified from PubMed, CHAHL, and Web of Science, comprising 26 reports in total. Overall mortality for invasive pneumococcal disease was reported as 20.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 17.5–24%). Factors associated with mortality were age (odds ratio (OR) 3.04, 95%CI 2.5–3.68), nursing home (OR 1.62, 95%CI 1.13–2.32), nosocomial infection (OR 2.10, 95%CI 1.52–2.89), septic shock (OR 13.35, 95%CI 4.54–39.31), underlying chronic diseases (OR 2.34, 95%CI 1.78–3.09), solid organ tumor (OR 5.34, 95%CI 2.07–13.74), immunosuppressed status (OR 1.67, 95%CI 1.31–2.14), and alcohol abuse (OR 3.14, 95%CI 2.13–4.64). Mortality rates with invasive pneumococcal disease remained high, and these findings may help clinicians provide appropriate initial treatment for this disease.Key points: The overall mortality rate from IPD has remained high, at 20.8% and older age, septic shock, immunosuppressed status, underlying chronic diseases, solid organ tumor, alcohol abuse, nursing home, and nosocomial infection were prognostic factors for mortality from IPD.

scholarly journals Influenza and RSV make a modest contribution to invasive pneumococcal disease incidence in the UK

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 512-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Nicoli ◽  
Caroline L. Trotter ◽  
Katherine M.E. Turner ◽  
Caroline Colijn ◽  
Pauline Waight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Modest Contribution ◽  
The Uk

scholarly journals Increased incidence of adult pneumococcal pneumonia during school holiday periods

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 00100-2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Daniel ◽  
Chamira Rodrigo ◽  
Thomas Bewick ◽  
Carmen Sheppard ◽  
Sonia Greenwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Incident Rate Ratio ◽  
Incident Rate ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

Child contact is a recognised risk factor for adult pneumococcal disease. Peaks in invasive pneumococcal disease incidence observed during winter holidays may be related to changes in social dynamics. This analysis was conducted to examine adult pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) incidence during school holiday periods.Between September 2008 and 2013, consecutive adults admitted to hospitals covering the Greater Nottingham area with a diagnosis of CAP were studied. Pneumococcal pneumonia was detected using culture and antigen detection methods.Of 2221 adults studied, 575 (25.9%) were admitted during school holidays and 643 (29.0%) had pneumococcal CAP. CAP of pneumococcal aetiology was significantly more likely in adults admitted during school holidays compared to term time (35.3% versus 26.7%; adjusted OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.11–1.72, p=0.004). Over the 5-year period, the age-adjusted incidence of hospitalised pneumococcal CAP was higher during school holidays compared to term time (incident rate ratio 1.35, 95% CI 1.14–1.60, p<0.001); there was no difference in rates of all-cause CAP or non-pneumococcal CAP. Reported child contact was higher in individuals with pneumococcal CAP admitted during school holidays compared to term time (42.0% versus 33.7%, OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.00–2.03, p=0.046).Further study of transmission dynamics in relation to these findings and to identify appropriate intervention strategies is warranted.

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