Provincial Dietary Intake Study (PDIS): Micronutrient Intakes of Children in a Representative/Random Sample of 1- to <10-Year-Old Children in Two Economically Active and Urbanized Provinces in South Africa

In 1999, the National Food Consumption Survey found serious risk of dietary deficiency for a number of micronutrients in 1- to 9-year-old children in South Africa. To address these shortfalls, fortification with vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folic acid, iron and zinc of maize meal and bread flour was made mandatory in 2003. The aim of this study was to examine micronutrient intakes of 1- to <10-year-old children after nearly 20 years of fortification in two of the most urbanized and economically active provinces, Gauteng (GTG) and the Western Cape (WC). A multistage stratified cluster random sampling design and methodology was used. Households were visited by fieldworkers who interviewed caregivers and obtained dietary intake data by means of a multiple-pass 24-h recall. Two additional 24-h recalls were completed among a nested sample of 146 participants to adjust the single 24-h recall data of the total sample using the National Cancer Institute Method. Results show that median intake of all the fortification nutrients were above the estimated average requirement (EAR), with the only concern being folate in the WC. Between a quarter and a third of children in the WC, where maize porridge intake was significantly lower than in GTG, had a folate intake below the EAR. Nutrients that are not included in the fortification mix that remain a serious concern are calcium and vitamin D, with intake of dairy and vitamin D sources being very limited in both provinces. The improvement in micronutrient intakes of children is encouraging, however the outstanding nutrient deficiency risks need attention.

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Provincial Dietary Intake Study (PDIS): Energy and Macronutrient Intakes of Children in a Representative/Random Sample of 1–<10-Year-Old Children in Two Economically Active and Urbanized Provinces in South Africa

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17051717 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 1717 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nelia P. Steyn ◽

Johanna H. Nel ◽

Sonia Malczyk ◽

Linda Drummond ◽

Marjanne Senekal

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Age Groups ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Fat Intake ◽

Western Cape ◽

Double Burden ◽

Representative Random Sample ◽

Total Fat ◽

Field Workers

The double burden of malnutrition is still prevalent in South Africa, hence the importance of a dietary survey to identify risks of under- and over-nutrition. A multistage stratified cluster random sampling design was applied in two economically active provinces, Gauteng (GTG) (N = 733) and Western Cape (WC) (N = 593). Field workers completed questionnaires, and a 24 h recall with children taking part aged 1–<10-years (N = 1326). Important findings were that 71% and 74%, respectively, of 3–<6-year-olds and 6–<10-year-olds had an energy intake below the estimated energy requirement (EER), while 66% 1–<3-year-olds had intakes above the EER. The percentage of children with a total fat intake below recommended levels decreased as age increased ((51%, 40% and 5%) respectively, for the three age groups). Similarly, the percentage of those who had a total fat intake above the recommendation increased with increasing age (4%, 11% and 26%, respectively, for the three age groups). Saturated fat intake above 10%E was highest in the youngest and oldest children (33% and 32%, respectively). The percentage of children with a free sugars intake above 10%E was 47%, 48% and 52% respectively, and 98–99% had a fibre intake that was less than recommended. Overall, the diet was not healthy, with the main food items being very refined, and the diet being high in salty snacks and sugary items, and low in fruit, vegetables and legumes.

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Vitamin D abnormalities and bone turn over analysis in children with epilepsy in the Western Cape of South Africa.

Seizure ◽

10.1016/j.seizure.2019.04.020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 ◽

pp. 186-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Edward Kija ◽

Barry E. Gidal ◽

Alexander Shapson-Coe ◽

Shihaam Cader ◽

George van der Watt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Western Cape ◽

Turn Over

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The prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in sheep in the Western Cape, South Africa

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.4102/ojvr.v82i1.993 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Kenneth Hammond-Aryee ◽

Lesley S. Van Helden ◽

Paul D. Van Helden

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Toxoplasma Gondii ◽

Total Sample ◽

Control Measures ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Western Cape ◽

Age Group ◽

Merino Sheep ◽

Animal Populations ◽

Small Stock

The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in a sample of 292 merino sheep farmed in a semi-intensive manner in the Overberg region of the Western Cape, South Africa, was investigated. Antibody seroprevalence was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of the total sample, 23 sheep tested positive for T. gondii antibodies (8%; 95% CI: 4.7688–10.9846). There was no statistically significant relationship between seroprevalence and age of the sheep. The highest seroprevalence was found in sheep between 28 and 40 months old; a total of 19 sheep were seropositive by 40 months. No seropositive sheep were found in the age group between 16 and 28 months. The seroprevalence reported in this study is higher than what has previously been reported for the Western Cape (6%) and across South Africa on average (4.7%). As sheep farming is economically significant in South Africa, the presence of T. gondii amongst sheep may pose a production threat to the small-stock industry as well as to public health and food security. We therefore recommend further surveillance to identify high-risk animal populations so that local control measures can be put in place.

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Illustration of the Importance of Adjustment for within- and between-Person Variability in Dietary Intake Surveys for Assessment of Population Risk of Micronutrient Deficiency/Excess Using an Example Data Set

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu14020285 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 285

Author(s):

Johanna H. Nel ◽

Nelia P. Steyn ◽

Marjanne Senekal

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Total Sample ◽

Nutrition Intervention ◽

Food Sources ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Public Health Nutrition ◽

Data Set ◽

Recall Data ◽

Usual Intake ◽

Dietary Surveys

Nutrition intervention decisions should be evidence based. Single 24-h recalls are often used for measuring dietary intake in large dietary studies. However, this method does not consider the day-to-day variation in populations’ diets. We illustrate the importance of adjustment of single 24-h recall data to remove within-person variation using the National Cancer Institute method to calculate usual intake when estimating risk of deficiency/excess. We used an example data set comprising a single 24-h recall in a total sample of 1326 1–<10-year-old children, and two additional recalls in a sub-sample of 11%, for these purposes. Results show that risk of deficiency was materially overestimated by the single unadjusted 24-h recall for vitamins B12, A, D, C and E, while risk of excess was overestimated for vitamin A and zinc, when compared to risks derived from usual intake. Food sources rich in particular micronutrients seemed to result in overestimation of deficiency risk when intra-individual variance is not removed. Our example illustrates that the application of the NCI method in dietary surveys would contribute to the formulation of more appropriate conclusions on risk of deficiency/excess in populations to advise public health nutrition initiatives when compared to those derived from a single unadjusted 24-h recall.

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Vitamin D abnormalities and bone turn over analysis in children with Epilepsy in the Western Cape of South Africa

Seizure ◽

10.1016/j.seizure.2019.07.018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 ◽

pp. 84

Author(s):

Edward Kija ◽

Barry E. Gidal ◽

Alexander Shapson-Coe ◽

Shihaam Cader ◽

George van der Watt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Western Cape ◽

Turn Over

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Dietary intake, nutrition, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in the Western Cape Province of South Africa

Reproductive Toxicology ◽

10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.02.002 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 31-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Philip A. May ◽

Kari J. Hamrick ◽

Karen D. Corbin ◽

Julie M. Hasken ◽

Anna-Susan Marais ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders ◽

Western Cape ◽

Fetal Alcohol ◽

Western Cape Province ◽

Spectrum Disorders ◽

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum

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Disadvantaged black and coloured infants in two urban communities in the Western Cape, South Africa differ in micronutrient status

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2002263 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 289-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

A Oelofse ◽

JMA Van Raaij ◽

AJS Benadé ◽

MA Dhansay ◽

JJM Tolboom ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Community Intervention ◽

Vitamin A Deficiency ◽

Psychomotor Development ◽

Western Cape ◽

Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽

Serum Retinol ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Micronutrient Status

AbstractObjectives:To determine the nutritional and health status of urban infants in two disadvantaged communities in the Western Cape, South Africa with special reference to micronutrient status. The results of this study will serve to plan an intervention study in these communities in the same age group.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Two disadvantaged urban black and ‘coloured’ communities in the Western Cape, South Africa.Subjects:Sixty infants aged 6–12 months from each community.Outcome measures:Dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, micronutrient status and psychomotor development.Results:Stunting and underweight were more prevalent in coloured infants (18% and 7%, respectively) than in black infants (8% and 2%, respectively). Anaemia (haemoglobin (Hb)<11 g dl−1) was prevalent in 64% of coloured and 83% of black infants. Iron-deficiency anaemia ( Hb<11 g dl−1and ferritin < 10 ng ml−1) was found in 32% of coloured infants and in 46% of black infants. Zinc deficiency was prevalent in 35% and 33% of the coloured and black infants, respectively. Marginal vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol < 20 μg dl−1) was observed in 23% of black infants compared with 2% of coloured infants. Of black infants, 43% and of coloured infants 6% were deficient in two or more micronutrients. Six per cent of coloured infants had C-reactive protein concentrations above 5 mg l−1compared with 38% of the black infants. The dietary intake of micronutrients was in general lower in black infants than in coloured infants. The overall psychomotor development, assessed by the Denver Developmental Screening Test, was different between the two groups. The coloured infants scored higher in three out of the four categories as well as in their overall score.Conclusions:This study shows that information on stunting and wasting only in urban disadvantaged infants is not sufficient to make recommendations about specific community intervention programmes. Information on the micronutrient status, independent of wasting and stunting, is necessary to design nutrition programmes for different communities. The study also showed a substantially higher prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies among black infants.

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