scholarly journals Substantial Nitrogen Oxide Pollution Is Embodied in the Bilateral Trade between China and the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 675
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Yigang Wei ◽  
Xueqing Wang ◽  
Hanxiao Xu
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Nitrogen Oxide ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Petroleum Chemical ◽  
Global Pollutant ◽  
The Eu

Against the backdrop of globalization and trade facilitation, the products consumed by a country are more and more relying on the importation of those products from other countries. Therefore, the pollutant emissions of products associated are transferred from consuming countries to exporting countries, which significantly changes the spatial distribution of global pollutant emissions. The objective of this research is to analyse the embodied nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in the trading process between China and the European Union (EU) and to further trace the interindustry and intercountry transfer paths. This study constructs a multiregional input–output (MRIO) model based on the latest EORA global supply chain database. The MRIO model quantitatively analyses the total NOx emissions from the production and consumption ends of China and the EU from 1995 to 2014. Important findings are derived from the empirical results as follows. (1) In 2014, China’s production end emissions were 1824.38 kilotons higher than those of the consumption end. By contrast, the situation in the EU was the opposite, i.e., production end emissions were 1711.97 kilotons lower than those of the consumption end. (2) In the trade between China and the EU, the EU is a net importer of embodied NOx, and China is a net exporter of embodied NOx. In 2014, 2.55% of China’s domestic NOx emissions were transferred to the EU in China-EU trade, accounting for 2.75% of China’s domestic consumption demand. (3) In 2014, Electricity, Gas and Water (397.75 kilotons), Transport (343.55 kilotons), Petroleum, Chemical and non-metallic Products (95.9 kilotons), Metal Products (49.88 kilotons), Textiles and Apparel (26.19 kilotons), are among the industries with the most embodied NOx emissions from China’s net exports during its two-way trade with the EU. (4) In the bilateral trade between the EU and China, many countries are in the state of embodied NOx net import. The top three net importers in 2014 were Germany (169.24 kilotons), Britain (128.11 kilotons), France (103.21 kilotons).

scholarly journals Evolution of SO2 and NOx Emissions from Several Large Combustion Plants in Europe during 2005–2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel-Eduard Constantin ◽  
Corina Bocăneala ◽  
Mirela Voiculescu ◽  
Adrian Roşu ◽  
Alexis Merlaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Eu Directives ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this paper is to investigate the evolution of SO2 and NOx emissions of ten very large combustion plants (LCPs >500 MW) located in the European Union (EU) during 2005–2015. The evolution of NOx and SO2 emissions were analyzed against the EU Directives in force during 2005–2015. The investigation was performed using space-borne observations and estimated emissions collected from the EEA (European Environment Agency) inventory of air pollutant emissions. The power plants were chosen according to their capacity and emissions, located in various parts of Europe, to give an overall picture of atmospheric pollution with NOx and SO2 associated with the activity of very large LCPs in Europe. Satellite observations from OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) are compared with calculated emissions in order to assess whether satellite observations can be used to monitor air quality, as a standard procedure, by governmental or nongovernmental institutions. Our results show that both space observations and estimated emissions of NOx and SO2 atmospheric content have a descending trend until 2010, complying with the EU Directives. The financial and economic crisis during 2007–2009 played an important role in reducing emissions.

scholarly journals Overview of the light-duty vehicles tailpipe emissions regulations in the European Union: status and upcoming type-approval and market surveillance schema

2020 ◽  
Vol 180 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor VALVERDE-MORALES
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Market Surveillance ◽  
Type Approval ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Union Status ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles ◽  
The Eu

In order to curb pollutant emissions from light-duty vehicles in the European Union, a set of complex regulations have been ap-proved in the recent years (2016-2018) including more stringent emissions tests, independent in-service conformity checks, and a novel type-approval framework which includes market surveillance provisions to complement the type-approval requirements. Tailpipe emissions will need to meet stringent emission limits before entering the market at type-approval and at the end of the production line, as well as during their normal life under normal conditions of use. This contribution aims at providing a comprehensive but synthetic analysis of the current regulatory context in the EU.

scholarly journals Ecological taxes in some European countries

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (162) ◽  
pp. 209-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Filipovic
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Previous Decade ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Eu

Production and consumption of fossil fuels is one of the major causes of the green house effect, which is in economics known as a form of ecological externality. Fiscal solution, as one way of internalization of externalities, is based on polluters-pay principle and the imposition of tax on emission. Although the implementation of ecological tax was intensified during the previous decade, fiscal revenues are modest and account for only 5% of the total fiscal revenues of the European Union. Taxes on energetic products, accounting for 76%, are dominant among ecological taxes. Since the EU Directive 82/92 imposes minimum excise rates on oil products, during the last decade Central Eastern European countries have increased excise rates on fossil fuels and fully engaged in the field of ecological policy.

scholarly journals The Use of Artificial Neural Networks to Analyze Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Emissions from the Mining and Quarrying Sector in the European Union

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Brodny ◽  
Magdalena Tutak
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
European Union ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU) is considered one of the most economically developed regions worldwide. It was driven by the mining industry for several decades. Despite certain changes in this area, a number of mineral and energy resources are still being mined in the EU. Nevertheless, mining activities are accompanied by many unfavorable phenomena, especially for the environment, such as greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions. The great diversity of the EU countries in terms of the size of the “mining and quarrying” sector means that both the volume and structure of these emissions in individual countries varies. In order to assess the current state of affairs, research was conducted to look at the structure and volume of these emissions in individual EU countries. The aim of the study was to divide these countries into homogenous groups by structure and volume of studied emissions. In order to reflect both the specificity and diversity of the EU countries, this division was based on the seven most important gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, NH3, NMVOC, CO, NOx) and two types of particulate matter (PM 2.5, PM 10) emitted into the atmosphere from the sector in question. The volume of studied emissions was also compared to the number of inhabitants of each EU country and the gross value added (GVA) by the mining and quarrying sector. This approach enabled a new and broader view on the issue of gas and air pollutant emissions associated with mining activities. The artificial Kohonen’s neural networks were used for the analysis. The developed method, the analyses and the results constitute a new approach to studying such emissions in the EU. Research that looks only at the emission of harmful substances into the environment in relation to their absolute values fail to fully reflect the complexity of this problem in individual EU countries. The presented approach and the results should broaden the knowledge in the field of harmful substance emissions from the mining and quarrying sector, which should be utilized in the process of implementing the new European climate strategy referred to as “The European Green Deal”.

scholarly journals EU Trade Agreements and Human Rights: From Extraterritorial to Territorial Obligations

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 374-393
Author(s):  
Cedric Ryngaert
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Functional Competence ◽  
Geographic Scope ◽  
The Eu

Abstract As the European Union (EU) pursues bilateral trade agreements with third states, the EU should be cognizant of the potential ‘extraterritorial’ impacts of these agreements on the enjoyment of human rights in third states when designing and concluding bilateral trade agreements with third states. This article develops a jurisdictional model to determine the geographic scope of EU human rights obligations in the context of the adoption of EU bilateral trade agreements. It is submitted that the doctrine’s classic semantic focus on ‘extraterritoriality’, captured by such constructs as control, impact, or functional competence, clouds rather than illuminates matters of scope of human rights obligations in the context of trade agreements. Instead of looking for justifications for the extraterritorial application of human rights, it is suggested to turn the justificatory gaze to the internal territorial aspects of the human rights risks created by EU decisions on the conclusion of bilateral trade agreements. An internal-territorial model obviates the need for an elaborate conceptualization of ‘extraterritorial’ obligations.

scholarly journals A System for Personalized Clothing Production as a Model for Supporting the Competitiveness of SMEs on the Example of Lodz Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kędzia ◽  
Radosław Dziuba
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Clothing Industry ◽  
Innovative Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Product And Process ◽  
The Eu

AbstractPoland’s accession to the European Union has given many opportunities both in terms of access to the EU economy and European funds. Owing to the set sustainable development goals, the business sphere faces the challenge of their implementation through, among others, activities in the area of social and human capital, and environmental protection. It is important to model solutions that enable sustainable production and consumption. The introduction of innovative product and process technologies may contribute to increasing the competitiveness of SMEs in the Textile and Clothing sector, which in consequence should also contribute to the implementation of objectives of the Regional Smart Specializations for Lodz Province. An example of such solutions is the system for personalized production of clothes presented in the article. The aim of the article is to determine the current situation of the Polish clothing industry in trade with the European Union by analyzing comparative advantages for CN 61 and 62 (related to the clothing industry) and presenting the level of innovation of Lodz Province against the background of Poland as a region specializing in the production of clothing under the adopted Regional Smart Specializations for Lodz Province. It is assumed that the presented system for the personalized production of clothing may affect the competitiveness of this industry and the region.

scholarly journals UKRAINIAN-CZECH ECONOMIC LINKS: DIPLOMACY, TRADE, AND TOURISM (THE BEGINNING OF THE ХХІ CENTURY)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
Roman Korsak ◽  
Vasyl Ilnytskyi ◽  
Ivan Hodia
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
The Eu

The article’s purpose is in a complex manner to analyse Ukrainian-Czech economic cooperation throughout 2000-2017, particularly, in the sphere of economic diplomacy, trade, and tourism. The research methods. The methodological base for a systemic research into Ukrainian-Czech economic cooperation consists of general scientific principles and postulates, as also a wide spectrum of methods, which passed into the theory of international relations from philosophy, gnoseology, ontology, axiology, dialectics, logic, history, and other particular sciences. The results. It has been proved that the bilateral cooperation under consideration depended on the Ukrainian-Czech contract-legal base coordination level, which regulated their mutual relations, repayment prospects of Ukraine’s “Yamburg debt” to the Czech Republic, the scope of cooperation of each of the countries with the European Union, and level of tourist attraction. The main long-term economic interests of Ukraine in its relations with the Czech Republic were such: the development of an economic dialogue, the realization of the common Ukrainian-Czech economic and investment projects, and cooperation in tourism development. The economically-advisory dialogue between Ukraine and the Czech Republic, according to their bilateral interstate agreements, was carried out by the Ukrainian-Czech Commission on trade and economic cooperation, the Working group on the liberalization of their mutual trade, and by other institutional bodies. The expert consultations about the cooperation in the areas of tourism, power engineering, agriculture, banking, and other social components made up an effective form of economic dialogue. The signed inter-governmental and inter-departmental contract-legal certificates became an effective result of positive economic cooperation. The most active work in this direction was done on the eve and in the first years of Czechia’s membership in the European Union. Despite much work done, it did not bring about the possibility to solve problem questions and to eliminate existing barriers in the bilateral trade. After Czechia’s joining the EU, the improvement of a trading mode between the two countries rests within the plane of agreements and the development of a necessary contract-legal base with the EU. Conclusion. The bilateral economic cooperation between Ukraine and the Czech Republic has every prospect for further intensification, especially, in the sphere of statistics of the bilateral trade and economic relations, in Ukraine’s fulfilment of its commitments provided by “Yamburg agreements”, and in the popularizations of Ukraine’s positive tourist image.

scholarly journals LITHUANIA - BELARUS ECONOMIC RELATIONS: HOW THE EU ACCESSION IMPACTED BILATERAL TRADE

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romualdas Ginevičius ◽  
Manuela Tvaronavičienė ◽  
Renata Korsakienė ◽  
Kristina Kalaūinskaitė
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Accession ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Eu

Lithuania among other 10 Central and Eastern European countries joined the European Union on 1 May 2004. A lot of forecasts about transformations in international trade relationships had been discussed; overall shift towards the EU had been expected. The paper aims to verify what actual effect newly imposed trade regulations have. Presented elaboration of discussed issue would be performed in the following sequence. At first, trade structure by product groups of trade between Lithuania and Belarus in the years 2000 and 2005 would be juxtaposed. Volumes of import and export would be considered respectively. Changes in trade regime would be taken into account. Adopted approach allowed us to trace which changes in trade regime impacted trade character and which not.

scholarly journals Factors of uneven progress of the European Union countries towards a circular economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-344
Author(s):  
Maxim Polyakov ◽  
Igor Khanin ◽  
Vladimir Bilozubenko ◽  
Maxim Korneyev ◽  
Gennadij Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Parametric Analyses ◽  
Harmonic Means ◽  
The Eu

The increased final consumption exacerbates the problem of the scarcity of natural resources and leads to environmental pollution. The concept of circular economy, which implies the formation of closed-loop chains of production and consumption with maximum regeneration and recycling of materials, is considered as an alternative to the firmly established “linear economy” (take-make-dispose). As a part of sustainable development strategy, the European Union adopted a general policy on the transition to a circular economy. However, for objective reasons, such transition is quite uneven at the level of member countries, which adversely affects the total progress. Therefore, the need arises to assess the positions of individual countries and identify major reasons for the uneven transition to support the countries that are lagging.The goal of the study is to identify the factors of uneven progress of the EU countries towards a circular economy. For that reason, a set of empirical data (20 indicators) has been compiled; cluster, classification, and parametric analyses have been conducted. As a result, three clusters of the EU countries have been obtained and six indicators, included into combinations that make all clusters different, have been identified. These indicators can be interpreted as the key factors contributing to the uneven progress of the EU countries towards a circular economy. The difference in harmonic means by clusters allowed quantitatively estimating a “circular gap”. It is of practical value for the EU policy aimed at bridging the gaps between member countries during the transition to a circular economy.

scholarly journals THE POTENTİAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNİON COUNTRİES TO PRODUCE BİOMASS FOR BİODİESEL PRODUCTİON AND CONSUMPTİON PURPOSES

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur KRUKOWSKI ◽  
Tomasz KIJEK ◽  
Anna NOWAK ◽  
Armand KASZTELAN ◽  
Anna KOBIAŁKA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

This article aims at evaluating the capacity of agriculture in the member states of the European Union regarding the production of biodiesel from biomass as well as identification and empirical verification of relationships between the rapeseed market and the consumption of biodiesel. The studies were based on panel data for the EU-28 member states in the period 2010-2013 obtained from Eurostat. The results of the studies point to significant differentiation in the production and consumption of biodiesel and its share in the consumption of liquid fuels in the transport sector in the EU. In 2010-2013 the consumption of biodiesel in EU countries exceeded 10.5 M TOE, with 2012 being a unique year when the consumption of biodiesel increased to nearly 12 M TOE. France and Germany are the leaders in the consumption of biodiesel in the EU; their consumption accounts for about 40% of the EU’s consumption. In the same period in the EU countries rape was cultivated over 6673.7 k ha, with the largest area recorded also in France (1516.4 k ha) and in Germany (1390.4 k ha) - the total area of rapeseed crops in those countries accounted for 43% of the total area in the EU. In this period the annual yield of rapeseed in the 28 member states of the EU on average amounted to 19979.4 k t, 50.3% of which were crops from France and Germany. This article proposes the construction of a theoretical model describing the relationship between the consumption of biodiesel and the key determinants of its production. The studies carried out show that the variable having the strongest impact on the consumption of biodiesel in the countries of the EU is the price of rapeseed (smaller-the-better characteristic). At the same time it was demonstrated that the consumption of biodiesel is stimulated by the supply of rapeseed.

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