scholarly journals Defining Post-COVID Symptoms (Post-Acute COVID, Long COVID, Persistent Post-COVID): An Integrative Classification

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
César Fernández-de-las-Peñas ◽  
Domingo Palacios-Ceña ◽  
Víctor Gómez-Mayordomo ◽  
María L. Cuadrado ◽  
Lidiane L. Florencio
Keyword(s):  
Reference Points ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors

The pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has provoked a second pandemic, the “long-haulers”, i.e., individuals presenting with post-COVID symptoms. We propose that to determine the presence of post-COVID symptoms, symptoms should appear after the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, this situation has some problems due to the fact that not all people infected by SARS-CoV-2 receive such diagnosis. Based on relapsing/remitting nature of post-COVID symptoms, the following integrative classification is proposed: potentially infection related-symptoms (up to 4–5 weeks), acute post-COVID symptoms (from week 5 to week 12), long post-COVID symptoms (from week 12 to week 24), and persistent post-COVID symptoms (lasting more than 24 weeks). The most important topic is to establish the time reference points. The classification also integrates predisposing intrinsic and extrinsic factors and hospitalization data which could promote post-COVID symptoms. The plethora of symptoms affecting multiple systems exhibited by “long-haulers” suggests the presence of different underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Wear and Tear of the Intestinal Visceral Musculature by Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Dam Kim ◽  
Eric So ◽  
Jiae Lee ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Vikram S. Gill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dextran Sulfate ◽  
Dextran Sulfate Sodium ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors

The gut visceral musculature plays essential roles in not only moving substances through the lumen but also maintaining the function and physiology of the gut. Although the development of the visceral musculature has been studied in multiple model organisms, how it degenerates is poorly understood. Here, we employ the Drosophila midgut as a model to demonstrate that the visceral musculature is disrupted by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as aging, feeding, chemical-induced tissue damage, and oncogenic transformation in the epithelium. Notably, we define four prominent visceral musculature disruption phenotypes, which we refer as ′sprout′, ′discontinuity′, ′furcation′, and ′crossover′ of the longitudinal muscle. Given that the occurrence of these phenotypes is increased during aging and under various stresses, we propose that these phenotypes can be used as quantitative readouts of deterioration of the visceral musculature. Intriguingly, administration of a tissue-damaging chemical dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced similar visceral musculature disruption phenotypes in zebrafish larvae, indicating that ingestion of a tissue-damaging chemical can disrupt the visceral musculature in a vertebrate as well. Our study provides insights into the deterioration of the gut visceral musculature and lays a groundwork for investigating the underlying mechanisms in Drosophila as well as other animals.

scholarly journals Modulation of the multistate folding of designed TPR proteins through intrinsic and extrinsic factors

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Phillips ◽  
Y. Javadi ◽  
C. Millership ◽  
E. R. G. Main
Keyword(s):  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that may influence DNA preservation in skeletal remains: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 325 ◽  
pp. 110859
Author(s):  
Caterina Raffone ◽  
Miriam Baeta ◽  
Nicole Lambacher ◽  
Eva Granizo-Rodríguez ◽  
Francisco Etxeberria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Dna Preservation ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors

scholarly journals Conceptualizing Mobility Inequality: Mobility and Accessibility for the Marginalized

2021 ◽  
pp. 088541222110128
Author(s):  
Isti Hidayati ◽  
Wendy Tan ◽  
Claudia Yamu
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Thought Experiments ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Planning Practice ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors

The burgeoning landscape of literature on mobility inequalities has led to discrepancies between a conceptual understanding of mobility inequalities and its implementation in planning practice. Reviewing 270 publications across five decades, this article identifies intrinsic and extrinsic factors and approaches for understanding and analyzing mobility inequality. Using two thought experiments to critically locate variations in factors and approaches, dilemmas and challenges in addressing mobility inequality for the marginalized are exposed. The article concludes with future research directions for investigating mobility inequality.

scholarly journals Effect of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Global and Regional Cortical Thickness

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e96429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koushik A. Govindarajan ◽  
Leorah Freeman ◽  
Chunyan Cai ◽  
Mohammad H. Rahbar ◽  
Ponnada A. Narayana
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors

Modulation of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors additively promotes rewiring of corticospinal circuits after spinal cord injury

2021 ◽  
pp. JN-RM-2649-20
Author(s):  
Yuka Nakamura ◽  
Masaki Ueno ◽  
Jesse K. Niehaus ◽  
Richard A Lang ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors

scholarly journals Prevalence of postural deviations and associated factors in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Vieira Batistão ◽  
Roberta de Fátima Carreira Moreira ◽  
Helenice Jane Cote Gil Coury ◽  
Luis Ernesto Bueno Salasar ◽  
Tatiana de Oliveira Sato
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Postural Changes ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors

Abstract Introduction: Postural deviations are frequent in childhood and may cause pain and functional impairment. Previously, only a few studies have examined the association between body posture and intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Objective: To assess the prevalence of postural changes in school children, and to determine, using multiple logistic regression analysis, whether factors such as age, gender, BMI, handedness and physical activity might explain these deviations. Methods: The posture of 288 students was assessed by observation. Subjects were aged between 6 and 15 years, 59.4% (n = 171) of which were female. The mean age was 10.6 (± 2.4) years. Mean body weight was 38.6 (± 12.7) kg and mean height was 1.5 (± 0.1) m. A digital scale, a tapeline, a plumb line and standardized forms were used to collect data. The data were analyzed descriptively using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis (significance level of 5%). Results: We found the following deviations to be prevalent among schoolchildren: forward head posture, 53.5%, shoulder elevation, 74.3%, asymmetry of the iliac crests, 51.7%, valgus knees, 43.1%, thoracic hyperkyphosis, 30.2%, lumbar hyperlordosis, 37.2% and winged shoulder blades, 66.3%. The associated factors were age, gender, BMI and physical activity. Discussion: There was a high prevalence of postural deviations and the intrinsic and extrinsic factors partially explain the postural deviations. Conclusion: These findings contribute to the understanding of how and why these deviations develop, and to the implementation of preventive and rehabilitation programs, given that some of the associated factors are modifiable.

Influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on rheology of pectin–calcium gels

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 2069-2077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Fraeye ◽  
Eugénie Doungla ◽  
Thomas Duvetter ◽  
Paula Moldenaers ◽  
Ann Van Loey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors
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