scholarly journals The Spatiotemporal Interaction Effect of COVID-19 Transmission in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 387
Author(s):  
Lingbo Liu ◽  
Tao Hu ◽  
Shuming Bao ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Zhenghong Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Ols Regression ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Impact

(1) Background: Human mobility between geographic units is an important way in which COVID-19 is spread across regions. Due to the pressure of epidemic control and economic recovery, states in the United States have adopted different policies for mobility limitations. Assessing the impact of these policies on the spatiotemporal interaction of COVID-19 transmission among counties in each state is critical to formulating epidemic policies. (2) Methods: We utilized Moran’s I index and K-means clustering to investigate the time-varying spatial autocorrelation effect of 49 states (excluding the District of Colombia) with daily new cases at the county level from 22 January 2020 to 20 August 2020. Based on the dynamic spatial lag model (SLM) and the SIR model with unreported infection rate (SIRu), the integrated SLM-SIRu model was constructed to estimate the inter-county spatiotemporal interaction coefficient of daily new cases in each state, which was further explored by Pearson correlation test and stepwise OLS regression with socioeconomic factors. (3) Results: The K-means clustering divided the time-varying spatial autocorrelation curves of the 49 states into four types: continuous increasing, fluctuating increasing, weak positive, and weak negative. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the spatiotemporal interaction coefficients in each state estimated by SLM-SIRu were significantly positively correlated with the variables of median age, population density, and proportions of international immigrants and highly educated population, but negatively correlated with the birth rate. Further stepwise OLS regression retained only three positive correlated variables: poverty rate, population density, and highly educated population proportion. (4) Conclusions: This result suggests that various state policies in the U.S. have imposed different impacts on COVID-19 transmission among counties. All states should provide more protection and support for the low-income population; high-density populated states need to strengthen regional mobility restrictions; and the highly educated population should reduce unnecessary regional movement and strengthen self-protection.

scholarly journals The Spatiotemporal Interaction Effect of COVID-19 Transmission in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingbo Liu ◽  
Tao Hu ◽  
Shuming Bao ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Zhenghong Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Ols Regression ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Human mobility among geographic units is a possible cause of the widespread transmission of COVID-19 across regions. Due to the pressure of epidemic control and economic recovery, the states of the United States have adopted different policies for mobility limitations. Assessing the impact of these policies on the spatiotemporal interaction of COVID-19 transmission among counties in each state is critical to formulating the epidemic policies.Methods: The study utilized Moran’s I index and K-means clustering to investigate the time-varying spatial autocorrelation effect of 49 states (except the District of Colombia) with the daily new cases at the county level from Jan 22, 2020, to August 20, 2020. Based on the dynamic spatial lag model (SLM) and the SIR model with unreported infection rate (SIRu), the integrated SLM-SIRu model was constructed to estimate the inter-county spatiotemporal interaction coefficient of daily new cases in each state, which was further explored by Pearson correlation and stepwise OLS regression with socioeconomic factors.Results: The K-means clustering divided the time-varying spatial autocorrelation curves of 49 states into four types: continuous increasing, fluctuating increasing, weak positive, and weak negative. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the spatiotemporal interaction coefficients in each state estimated by SLM-SIRu were significantly positively correlated with median age, population density, and the proportion of international immigrants and the highly educated population, but negatively correlated with the birth rate. The voting rate for Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election showed a weak negative correlation. Further stepwise OLS regression retained only three positive correlated variables: poverty rate, population density, and the highly educated population proportion.Interpretation: This result suggests that various state policies in the U.S. have imposed different impacts on COVID-19 transmission among counties. All states should provide more protection and support for the low-income population, high-density populated states need to strengthen regional mobility restrictions, and the highly educated population should reduce unnecessary regional movement and strengthen self-protection.

scholarly journals Diverse local epidemics reveal the distinct effects of population density, demographics, climate, depletion of susceptibles, and intervention in the first wave of COVID-19 in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niayesh Afshordi ◽  
Benjamin Holder ◽  
Mohammad Bahrami ◽  
Daniel Lichtblau
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Density ◽  
The United States ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Impact

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused significant mortality and morbidity worldwide, sparing almost no community. As the disease will likely remain a threat for years to come, an understanding of the precise influences of human demographics and settlement, as well as the dynamic factors of climate, susceptible depletion, and intervention, on the spread of localized epidemics will be vital for mounting an effective response. We consider the entire set of local epidemics in the United States; a broad selection of demographic, population density, and climate factors; and local mobility data, tracking social distancing interventions, to determine the key factors driving the spread and containment of the virus. Assuming first a linear model for the rate of exponential growth (or decay) in cases/mortality, we find that population-weighted density, humidity, and median age dominate the dynamics of growth and decline, once interventions are accounted for. A focus on distinct metropolitan areas suggests that some locales benefited from the timing of a nearly simultaneous nationwide shutdown, and/or the regional climate conditions in mid-March; while others suffered significant outbreaks prior to intervention. Using a first-principles model of the infection spread, we then develop predictions for the impact of the relaxation of social distancing and local climate conditions. A few regions, where a significant fraction of the population was infected, show evidence that the epidemic has partially resolved via depletion of the susceptible population (i.e., “herd immunity”), while most regions in the United States remain overwhelmingly susceptible. These results will be important for optimal management of intervention strategies, which can be facilitated using our online dashboard.

scholarly journals School's Out

Elements ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-52
Author(s):  
Charlie Power
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Education System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Learning Loss ◽  
Summer Learning ◽  
Elementary And Secondary Education ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
The Impact

The debate over the future direction of elementary and secondary education in the United States is fractious and contentious. Many of these are rooted in concerns over disparities in financial circumstances and race. While the full extent of the gaps, in addition to the United States' mediocre education system relative to other industrialized nations, has been a subject of frequent research and heated debate, one crucial component of this divide has yet to be analyzed: summer learning loss. This paper will closely analyze published literature in order to analyze the impact of summer education loss. Additionally, this paper will argue that summer learning varies by socioeconomic status (SES), with low-income populations gradually regressing over the years. This phenomenon has ramifications on students' achievement and explains the disparities that accumulate over a student's educational career. Finally, based on current evidence, this paper will make policy recommendations on how to change the current education system to better address summer's inherent inequities. 

Immigration and Contract Problems Experienced by Foreign-Educated Nurses

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Pittman ◽  
Carolina Herrera ◽  
Joanne Spetz ◽  
Catherine R. Davis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Labor Rights ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
International Recruitment ◽  
The Impact

More than 8% of employed RNs licensed since 2004 in the United States were educated overseas, yet little is known about the conditions of their recruitment or the impact of that experience on health care practice. This study assessed whether the labor rights of foreign-educated nurses were at risk during the latest period of high international recruitment: 2003 to 2007. Using consensus-based standards contained in the Voluntary Code of Ethical Conduct for the Recruitment of Foreign-Educated Health Professionals to the United States, this study found 50% of actively recruited foreign-educated nurses experienced a negative recruitment practice. The study also found that nurses educated in low-income countries and nurses with high contract breach fees, were significantly more likely to report such problems. If, as experts believe may occur, the nursing shortage in the United States returns around 2014, oversight of international recruitment will become critically important to delivering high-quality health care to Americans.

Effectiveness of Workplace Lactation Interventions on Breastfeeding Outcomes in the United States: An Updated Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia H. Kim ◽  
Jong C. Shin ◽  
Sharon M. Donovan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
The United States ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Breastfeeding Initiation ◽  
White Ethnicity ◽  
Observational Study Design ◽  
The Impact

Background Returning to work is one of the main barriers to breastfeeding duration among working mothers in the United States. However, the impact of workplace lactation programs is unclear. Research Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of workplace lactation programs in the United States on breastfeeding practices. Methods A systematic search was conducted of seven databases through September 2017. Articles ( N = 10) meeting the inclusion criteria of describing a workplace lactation intervention and evaluation in the United States and measuring initiation, exclusivity, or duration using an experimental or observational study design were critically evaluated. Two reviewers conducted quality assessments and reviewed the full-text articles during the analysis. Results Common services provided were breast pumps, social support, lactation rooms, and breastfeeding classes. Breastfeeding initiation was very high, ranging from 87% to 98%. Several factors were significantly associated with duration of exclusive breastfeeding: (a) receiving a breast pump for one year (8.3 versus 4.7 months), (b) return-to-work consultations (40% versus 17% at 6 months), and (c) telephone support (42% versus 15% at 6 months). Each additional service (except prenatal education) dose-dependently increased exclusively breastfeeding at 6 months. Sociodemographic information including older maternal age, working part-time, longer maternity leave, and white ethnicity were associated with longer breastfeeding duration. Conclusion Workplace lactation interventions increased breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusive breastfeeding, with greater changes observed with more available services. More evidence is needed on the impact of workplace support in low-income populations, and the cost-effectiveness of these programs in reducing health care costs.

Mitigation of COVID Strategies Comparison Between United States and Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 359-382
Author(s):  
Mercedes Barrachina ◽  
Lucia Barrachina
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Density ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Government ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Hard Times ◽  
Medium Businesses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Lower Population Density

The COVID-19 pandemic started in China at the end of 2019; however, during 2020, it has spread to more than 188 countries causing very hard times. Europe and the United States have followed different strategies to fight the virus. The differences between those areas in relation with the pandemic could be named shortly as for example the additional time that the United States had to prepare everything against the pandemic compared to Europe, as the American government had around three weeks in comparison to Europe to plan the strategy against the pandemic. The density of population is also an example of the differences between those areas as the United States has a lower population density compared to Europe, and this is another key fact affecting the spreading of COVID-19. The main objective of the study is to compare the different measures adopted by each region and analyze the impact they have in the economy and in small and medium businesses. Specific conclusions about the impact of the measures adopted will be extracted, and some lessons could be obtained from those conclusions.

Quality of Child Care as an Aspect of Family and Child Care Policy in the United States

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-188
Author(s):  
Sandra Scarr ◽  
Deborah Phillips ◽  
Kathleen McCartney ◽  
Martha Abbott-Shim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Child Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Child Care Policy ◽  
Care Policy ◽  
Working Families ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Impact

The quality of child care services in the United States should be understood within a context of child care policy at the federal and state levels. Similarly, child care policy needs to be examined within the larger context of family-support policies that do or do not include parental leaves to care for infants (and other dependent family members) and family allowances that spread the financial burdens of parenthood. Maynard and McGinnis1 presented a comprehensive look at the current and predictable policies that, at federal and state levels, affect working families and their children. They note the many problems in our "patchwork" system of child care—problems of insufficient attention to quality and insufficient supply for low-income families. Recent legislation is a step toward improving the ability of low-income families to pay for child care (by subsidizing that part of the cost of such care which exceeds 15% rather than 20% of the family income) and some steps toward training caregivers and improving regulations. They note the seeming political impasse over parental leaves, even unpaid leaves, and the impact of this lack of policy on the unmet need for early infant care. We should step back from the current morass of family and child care policies in the United States and look at what other nations have done and continue to do for their working families. By comparison with other industrialized countries in the world, the United States neglects essential provisions that make it possible for parents in other countries to afford to rear children and to find and afford quality child care for their children.

East LA Interchange: A Documentary Exploration of Boyle Heights

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Betsy Kalin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Multicultural Society ◽  
Immigrant Rights ◽  
Communities Of Color ◽  
Boyle Heights ◽  
The Impact

The documentary East LA Interchange (2015) has extraordinary potential to be used to increase awareness about our diverse, multicultural society and the specific challenges facing low-income communities of color. These communities’ residents are especially vulnerable to gentrification and displacement, and across the United States, we are currently seeing the impact of gentrification on our neighborhoods. One of the most important aspects of a documentary is what happens after the film is completed. We are in the process of creating a multiplatform strategic outreach campaign designed to engage youth and mobilize advocates around the issues addressed in the film. Our outreach and engagement goals are varied yet complementary to the themes in East LA Interchange. We believe that East LA Interchange’s message of empowerment through community action is one that can greatly benefit youth and adults in rapidly changing communities. Because Boyle Heights is one of the United States’ great places of diversity, inclusion, and tolerance, we would like the film to create momentum around social justice issues depicted in the film such as acceptance and appreciation of diversity, immigrant rights, environmental and transportation justice, urban development, and effective political representation.

scholarly journals Does Urban Agriculture Improve Food Security? Examining the Nexus of Food Access and Distribution of Urban Produced Foods in the United States: A Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alana Siegner ◽  
Jennifer Sowerwine ◽  
Charisma Acey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Low Income ◽  
City Planning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Justice ◽  
Community Food Security ◽  
The Impact

The aim of our review is to critically analyze the urban agriculture and urban food systems literature in order to understand the impact of urban-produced foods on community food security. We examine the role of city planning, food policy, and civic engagement in creating spaces for urban agriculture in cities across the United States, and whether (and how) these spaces promote food justice and food security. Bringing together multidisciplinary literature on access to urban agriculture and the distribution of urban-produced foods in a thematic, systematic review, we point out gaps in the academic research that would benefit from further study. The review integrates academic literature generated from Web of Science searches with gray literature identified through Google Alerts. We find that while there is a strong focus on elucidating the multiple benefits of urban agriculture, there are few studies that robustly measure the impact of urban farms on improving food security in low-income communities. Much of the literature is theoretical, focused on the production potential of urban agriculture, while more work is needed to understand and overcome barriers to access and distribution among communities in need. We conclude with a set of recommendations for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers who seek to create spaces in cities for food justice, equity, access, and sovereignty.

Dentistry and Childhood Poverty in the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
HB Waldman ◽  
D Cannella ◽  
SP Perlman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dental Services ◽  
Childhood Poverty ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Localized Levels

The proportion and numbers of children living in low income families and without health insurance continues to increase. The magnitude of these problems is considered at localized levels in terms of the impact on the use of dental services.

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