Integrative Assessment of Mixture Toxicity of Three Ionic Liquids on Acetylcholinesterase Using a Progressive Approach from 1D Point, 2D Curve, to 3D Surface

The joint toxicities of [BMIM]BF4, [BMIM]PF6, and [HMIM]BF4 on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were systematically investigated by using a progressive approach from 1D single effect point, 2D concentration-response curve (CRC), to 3D equivalent-surface (ES) level. The equipartition equivalent-surface design (EESD) method was used to design 10 ternary mixtures, and the direct equipartition ray (EquRay) design was used to design 15 binary mixtures. The toxicities of ionic liquids (ILs) and their mixtures were determined using the microplate toxicity analysis (MTA) method. The concentration addition (CA), independent action (IA), and co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) were used as the additive reference model to analyze the toxic interaction of these mixtures. The results showed that the Weibull function fitted well the CRCs of the three ILs and their mixtures with the coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.99 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) less than 0.04. According to the CTC integrated with confidence interval (CI) method (CTCICI) developed in this study, the 25 mixtures were almost all additive action at 20% and 80% effect point levels. At 50% effect, at least half of the 25 mixtures were slightly synergistic action, and the remaining mixtures were additive action. Furthermore, the ESs and CRCs predicted by CA and IA were all within the CIs of mixture observed ESs and CRCs, respectively. Therefore, the toxic interactions of these 25 mixtures were actually additive action. The joint toxicity of the three ILs can be effectively evaluated by the ES method. We also studied the relationship between the mixture toxicities and component concentration proportions. This study can provide reference data for IL risk assessment of combined pollution.

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New Insight Regarding the Relationship Between Enantioselective Toxicity Difference and Enantiomeric Toxicity Interaction from Chiral Ionic Liquids

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20246163 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (24) ◽

pp. 6163 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Huilin Ge ◽

Min Zhou ◽

Daizhu Lv ◽

Mingyue Wang ◽

Cunzhu Dong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquids ◽

Environmental Science ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Concentration Addition ◽

Chiral Molecules ◽

Equimolar Ratio ◽

Chiral Ionic Liquids ◽

Molar Ratios ◽

Additive Action ◽

Toxicity Analysis

Chirality is an important property of molecules. The study of biological activity and toxicity of chiral molecules has important theoretical and practical significance for toxicology, pharmacology, and environmental science. The toxicological significance of chiral ionic liquids (ILs) has not been well revealed. In the present study, the enantiomeric joint toxicities of four pairs of chiral ILs 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate to Allivibrio fischeri were systematically investigated by using a comprehensive approach including the co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) integrated with confidence interval (CI) method (CTCICI), concentration-response curve (CRC), and isobole analysis. The direct equipartition ray (EquRay) design was used to design five binary mixtures of enantiomers according to molar ratios of 1:5, 2:4, 3:3, 4:2, and 5:1. The toxicities of chiral ILs and their mixtures were determined using the microplate toxicity analysis (MTA) method. Concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) were used as the additive reference models to construct the predicted CRC and isobole of mixtures. On the whole, there was an enantioselective toxicity difference between [BMIM]D-Lac and [BMIM]L-Lac, and [HMIM]D-Lac and [HMIM]L-Lac, while no enantioselective toxicity difference was observed for [EMIM]D-Lac and [EMIM]L-Lac, and [OMIM]D-Lac and [OMIM]L-Lac. Thereinto, the enantiomer mixtures of [BMIM]D-Lac and [BMIM]L-Lac, and [HMIM]D-Lac and [HMIM]L-Lac presented antagonistic action, and the enantiomer mixtures of [EMIM]D-Lac and [EMIM]L-Lac, and [OMIM]D-Lac and [OMIM]L-Lac overall presented additive action. Moreover, the greatest antagonistic toxicity interaction occurred at the equimolar ratio of enantiomers. Based on these results, we proposed two hypotheses, (1) chiral molecules with enantioselective toxicity difference tended to produce toxicity interactions, (2) the highest or lowest toxicity was usually at the equimolar ratio and its adjacent ratio for the enantiomer mixture. These hypotheses will need to be further validated by other enantiomer mixtures.

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Mixture Toxicity of Copper and Selected Organophosphorus Pesticides to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.785 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 610-613 ◽

pp. 785-789

Author(s):

Xiang Chen Huo ◽

Shu Shen Liu ◽

Meng Chao Wang

Keyword(s):

Ternary Mixture ◽

Organophosphorus Pesticides ◽

Uniform Design ◽

Mixture Toxicity ◽

Ternary Mixtures ◽

Concentration Addition ◽

Combined Pollution ◽

Binary And Ternary Mixtures ◽

Toxicity Analysis ◽

Mixture Group

Heavy metals and pesticides released to the environment render the waters suffering from combined pollution. This study investigated the toxicity of binary and ternary mixtures of copper (Cu) and two organophosphorus pesticides (dichlorvos (DIC) and dimethoate (DIM)) to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. For each of three binary mixture groups (Cu-DIC, Cu-DIM, and DIC-DIM), five mixture rays were constructed by using the direct equipartition ray design (EquRay). For the ternary mixture group of Cu-DIC-DIM, five ternary mixture rays were constructed by using the uniform design ray (UD-Ray). The mixture toxicity was determined by the microplate toxicity analysis and assessed by the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA). It is shown that the observed toxicities of all binary mixtures were almost estimated by CA or IA while those of the ternary mixtures were significantly lower than CA or IA estimations.

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The Impact of Entrepreneurial Behavior on Sales Volume

International Journal of Management Entrepreneurship Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.31098/ijmesh.v1i1.3 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Adjeng Tiara Eltari ◽

Hendrati Dwi Mulyaningsih

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Research ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Sales Volume ◽

Entrepreneurial Behavior ◽

Street Vendors ◽

Quantitative Research Methods ◽

Entrepreneurial Behaviour ◽

Full Calculation ◽

Almost All ◽

The Impact

This research was conducted at the Culinary Hawkers that located on Highway Sukapura, Dayeuhkolot, Bandung. This study examines the Entrepreneurial behaviour which resulted in increased sales volumes. Almost all Culinary Hawkers on Highway Sukapura doesn’t yet have the entrepreneurial behavior in accordance with the characteristics - traits mentioned by Suryana, Confident, Own initiative, Have achievement motive, Having leadership, and Dare to take risks with the full calculation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of entrepreneurial behavior to the merchant's sales volume culinary pavement on Highway Sukapura, Dayeuhkolot, Bandung.Researchers used quantitative research methods. The population in this study was 63 Merchants Culinary Street on Highway Sukapura. Samples are 63 street vendors in JalanSukapura. Data were analyzed using simple regression analysis.The results showed that entrepreneurial behavior affect the sales volume of culinary street traders in Highway Sukapura. Based on the calculation coefficient of determination (R2) can be seen the effect of entrepreneurial behavior variables (X) on sales volume (Y) is approximately 94%. While the remaining 6% are influenced by other factors such as competence, performance, and motivation.

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Application of gene expression programming for predicting density of binary and ternary mixtures of ionic liquids and molecular solvents

Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers ◽

10.1016/j.jtice.2020.11.029 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Menad Nait Amar ◽

Mohammed Abdelfetah Ghriga ◽

Abdolhossein Hemmati-Sarapardeh

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Ionic Liquids ◽

Gene Expression Programming ◽

Ternary Mixtures ◽

Binary And Ternary Mixtures ◽

Molecular Solvents

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New inorganic ionic liquids possessing low melting temperatures and wide electrochemical windows: Ternary mixtures of alkali bis(fluorosulfonyl)amides

Electrochimica Acta ◽

10.1016/j.electacta.2012.01.097 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 66 ◽

pp. 320-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Keigo Kubota ◽

Toshiyuki Nohira ◽

Rika Hagiwara

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquids ◽

Ternary Mixtures ◽

Melting Temperatures

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Nonadditive Hard-Sphere Reference Model for Ionic Liquids

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ◽

10.1021/ie101601v ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 227-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Leslie V. Woodcock

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquids ◽

Hard Sphere ◽

Reference Model

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Mixture Effects of 3 Mechanistically Different Steroidogenic Disruptors (Prochloraz, Genistein, and Ketoconazole) in the H295R Cell Assay

International Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1177/1091581815599375 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 534-542 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Frederik Knud Nielsen ◽

Cecilie Hurup Hansen ◽

Jennifer Anna Fey ◽

Martin Hansen ◽

Bent Halling-Sørensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Line ◽

Endocrine Disruptors ◽

Mixture Toxicity ◽

Concentration Addition ◽

Mixture Effects ◽

Modes Of Action ◽

Cell Assay ◽

17Β Estradiol ◽

H295r Cells ◽

The Individual

Mixture effects of 3 model endocrine disruptors, prochloraz, ketoconazole, and genistein, on steroidogenesis were tested in the adrenocortical H295R cell line. Seven key steroid hormones (pregnenolone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, and 17β-estradiol) were analyzed using gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to investigate the effects throughout the steroidogenic pathway. Current modeling approaches often rely on models assuming compounds acting independently and that the individual effects in some way can be summarized to predict a mixture effect. In H295R cells with an intact steroidogenic pathway, such assumptions may not be feasible. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate whether effects of a mixture with differing modes of action followed or deviated from additivity (concentration addition) and whether the H295R cell line was suitable for evaluating mixture toxicity of endocrine disruptors with different modes of action. The compounds were chosen because they interfere with steroidogenesis in different ways. They all individually decrease the concentrations of the main sex steroids downstream but exert different effects upstream in the steroidogenic pathway. Throughout the study, we observed lowest observed effect concentrations of mixtures at levels 2 to 10 times higher than the predicted EC50, strongly indicating antagonistic effects. The results demonstrate that chemical analysis combined with the H295R cell assay is a useful tool also for studying how mixtures of endocrine disruptors with differing modes of action interfere with the steroidogenic pathway and that existing models like concentration addition are insufficient in such cases. Furthermore, for end points where compounds exert opposite effects, no relevant models are available.

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