Variation in Plant–Pollinator Network Structure along the Elevational Gradient of the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona

The structural patterns comprising bimodal pollination networks can help characterize plant–pollinator systems and the interactions that influence species distribution and diversity over time and space. We compare network organization of three plant–pollinator communities along the altitudinal gradient of the San Francisco Peaks in northern Arizona. We found that pollination networks become more nested, as well as exhibit lower overall network specialization, with increasing elevation. Greater weight of generalist pollinators at higher elevations of the San Francisco Peaks may result in plant–pollinator communities less vulnerable to future species loss due to changing climate or shifts in species distribution. We uncover the critical, more generalized pollinator species likely responsible for higher nestedness and stability at the higher elevation environment. The generalist species most important for network stability may be of the greatest interest for conservation efforts; preservation of the most important links in plant–pollinator networks may help secure the more specialized pollinators and maintain species redundancy in the face of ecological change, such as changing climate.

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Nose Plugs from Northern Arizona

American Antiquity ◽

10.2307/275133 ◽

1945 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 303-307

Author(s):

John C. McGregor

Keyword(s):

San Francisco ◽

Colorado River ◽

Northern Area ◽

Large Group ◽

Northern Arizona ◽

Single Feature ◽

San Francisco Peaks

In the summer of 1935 it was realized that a large group of sites just to the east of Flagstaff, between the San Francisco Peaks and the Little Colorado River in northcentral Arizona, were in several respects unique. The presence in this northern area of ball court structures similar to those recognized in southern Arizona by Haury and others was the most outstanding single feature. Subsequently, more detailed research revealed additional southern, or Hohokam-like characters in these sites, and a program of several years of extensive excavation and research was undertaken.

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Bee species checklist of the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona

Biodiversity Data Journal ◽

10.3897/bdj.8.e49285 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Lindsie McCabe ◽

Paige Chesshire ◽

David Smith ◽

Atticus Wolf ◽

Jason Gibbs ◽

...

Keyword(s):

San Francisco ◽

Elevation Gradient ◽

Geographic Distance ◽

Rocky Mountain ◽

Sampling Effort ◽

Northern Arizona ◽

Vegetation Zones ◽

Rocky Mountain Region ◽

San Francisco Peaks ◽

Bee Communities

Here we present a checklist of the bee species found on the C. Hart Merriam elevation gradient along the San Francisco Peaks in northern Arizona. Elevational gradients can serve as natural proxies for climate change, replacing time with space as they span multiple vegetation zones over a short geographic distance. Describing the distribution of bee species along this elevation gradient will help predict how bee communities might respond to changing climate. To address this, we initiated an inventory associated with ecological studies on pollinators that documented bees on the San Francisco Peaks. Sample sites spanned six life zones (vegetation zones) on the San Francisco Peaks from 2009 to 2019. We also include occurrence data from other studies, gathered by querying the Symbiota Collection of Arthropods Network (SCAN) portal covering the San Francisco Peaks region (hereafter referred to as “the Peaks”). Our checklist reports 359 bee species and morphospecies spanning five families and 46 genera that have been collected in the Peaks region. Prior to our concerted sampling effort there were records for 155 bee species, yet there has not been a complete list of bee species inhabiting the Peaks published to date. Over a 10-year period, we documented an additional 204 bee species inhabiting the Peaks. Our study documents range expansions to northern Arizona for 15 species. The majority of these are range expansions from either southern Arizona, southern Utah, or the Rocky Mountain region of Colorado. Nine species are new records for Arizona, four of which are the southernmost record for that species. An additional 15 species are likely undescribed.

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A Primitive Stone Industry of the Little Colorado Valley, Arizona

American Antiquity ◽

10.2307/275908 ◽

1943 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 266-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Katharine Bartlett

Keyword(s):

San Francisco ◽

Colorado River ◽

Alluvial Terrace ◽

Alluvial Deposits ◽

Desert Pavement ◽

Basaltic Rocks ◽

Northern Arizona ◽

San Francisco Peaks ◽

Stone Industry

About eight years ago there was discovered in the valley of the Little Colorado River between Hoi brook and Cameron in northern Arizona, evidence of an ancient alluvial terrace. Sand and waterworn pebbles largely derived from the Triassic Shinarump Conglomerate that once covered the area, form the deposit. The terrace which was formed by the gravels is now much dissected and remains only as the isolated flat tops of hills and ridges, the surfaces of which are covered with a desert pavement of waterworn pebbles. There are remnants also of later and lower alluvial deposits containing angular fragments of rock, of which a large proportion is made up of basaltic rocks from the San Francisco Peaks (Fig. 22).

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Dignity as (Self-)Determination: Hopi Sovereignty in the Face of US Dispossessions

Law & Social Inquiry ◽

10.1111/lsi.12191 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (04) ◽

pp. 917-938 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Justin B. Richland

Keyword(s):

San Francisco ◽

Self Determination ◽

Reclaimed Wastewater ◽

Sacred Places ◽

Ski Resort ◽

San Francisco Peaks ◽

The Face ◽

History Of ◽

Us Forest Service ◽

To Come

In 2013, the Arizona Snowbowl Ski Resort began spraying artificial snow made from reclaimed wastewater on Arizona's highest peak, a place the Hopi people call Nuvatukya'ovi, “Snow-on-top-of-it.” As one of the Hopis' most sacred places, the home of the katsinam and the southwestern boundary marker of their aboriginal territory, the Hopi have fought for decades to stop development of the ski resort, which today sits on US Forest Service land. Viewing the history of this dispute through the lens of Atuahene's notion of a “dignity taking,” this article argues that despite never having been relocated, the indignities that the Hopi have suffered by US dispossessions of much of their aboriginal territory are the product of a series of bureaucratic sleights of hand that only bear the mark of legality if one ignores history and denies the enduring right to self-determination and sovereignty that Hopi have continuously claimed with regard to the totality of their aboriginal land. Yuuyahiwa, Ayamo Nuvatukya'ove'e. Oo'oomawutu, angqw puma naayuwasinaya, pewi'i. They are preparing themselves [for a journey], Over there at the snow-capped mountains [San Francisco Peaks]. The clouds, From there, they are putting on their endowments [of rain power], To come here. A Hopi katsinam song recalled by Emory Sekaquaptewa (from Sekaquaptewa and Washburn, 2004, 468)

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Maps Showing Ground-Water Conditions in the San Francisco Peaks Area, Coconino County, Arizona - 1979

Open-File Report ◽

10.3133/ofr81914 ◽

1981 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cynthia L. Appel ◽

Donald J. Bills

Keyword(s):

Ground Water ◽

San Francisco ◽

Water Conditions ◽

San Francisco Peaks

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Who Banishes? City Power and Anti-homeless Policy in San Francisco

Urban Affairs Review ◽

10.1177/1078087420925909 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107808742092590

Author(s):

David J. Amaral

Keyword(s):

San Francisco ◽

Census Data ◽

Power Dynamics ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

Public Records ◽

Adoption And Implementation ◽

Economic Forces ◽

The Face ◽

Election Results ◽

Business District

Despite cross-disciplinary attention to laws targeting homeless behavior in cities, systematic analysis of the power dynamics behind the adoption and implementation of such laws is surprisingly scarce. This article addresses that oversight by investigating the politics of anti-homeless policies in San Francisco, a critical and revealing case. Using a mixed-methods approach that joins qualitative analysis of public records with spatial and statistical analysis of precinct-level election results, census data, and geocoded police and 311 records, it evaluates previously unmeasured claims concerning the relative influence of social and economic forces in determining policy adoption and assesses whether enforcement patterns betray preferential treatment. Findings suggest that in the face of mobilized opposition, an anti-homeless regime composed of business and neighborhood merchants, elected officials, conservatives, and homeowners each contribute resources required to pass anti-homeless laws. Contrary to past claims, enforcement practices do not appear to privilege only the downtown business district.

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Strictly protected species of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in Serbia in the face of climate change

Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke ◽

10.2298/zmspn1835053m ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 53-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marija Milicic ◽

Marina Jankovic ◽

Dubravka Milic ◽

Snezana Radenkovic ◽

Ante Vujic

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Warming ◽

Species Distribution ◽

Species Distribution Modelling ◽

Protected Species ◽

Southeastern Part ◽

Distribution Modelling ◽

Mountainous Regions ◽

The Face ◽

Intensive Land Use

Climate change is happening. Due to a spectrum of possible conse?quences, numerous studies examine the effects of global warming on species distribution. This study examines the effects of changing climate on distribution of selected strictly protected species of hoverflies in Serbia, by using species distribution modelling. Ten species were included in the analysis. Three species were predicted to lose a part of their range across time, while for seven species the range expansion was predicted. Both in the present time and in the future, mountainous regions have the highest species richness, such as Golija, Kopaonik, and Prokletije in the western Serbia, and mountains Stara Planina, Besna Kobila, Suva Planina, and Dukat in the southeastern part of the country. However, beside climate change, there are several other factors that might influence the distribution of strictly pro?tected hoverflies in Serbia, such as intensive land use and degradation of habitats. Addition?ally, global warming also affects flowering plants that syrphids are dependent on, which could present another obstacle to their future range expansions. These results can contribute to planning future steps for the conservation of strictly protected hoverfly species.

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Rebus sic stantibus as a Stabilizing Doctrine in the Climate Crisis

Climate Law ◽

10.1163/18786561-11030001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3-4) ◽

pp. 211-244

Author(s):

Diana Azarnoush Arsanjani Reisman

Keyword(s):

World Order ◽

Third Party ◽

International Tribunal ◽

Bilateral Investment Treaty ◽

Changing Climate ◽

Investment Treaty ◽

The Us ◽

Orderly Fashion ◽

The Face ◽

Climate Crisis

Abstract In the face of massive, unanticipated and even disjunctive changes, the balance of the respective interests of the state parties to existing treaties may no longer survive the changed—or changing—climate landscape. While, ideally, the co-contracting states to such treaties could mutually agree to terminate or revise their treaty obligations to accommodate such changes and redress the now imbalance of interests in the treaty, some scenarios are bound to be contentious. In such cases, is there any other procedure that can provide for an orderly and fair adjustment of treaties so as to avert a breakdown of the network of treaties and a destabilization of world order? This article proposes that the rebus sic stantibus doctrine may function as a stabilizing doctrine for maintaining and possibly adjusting treaty regimes in an orderly fashion. Unlike the doctrine of necessity or many explicit treaty carve-outs, such as the security exception of the US Model Bilateral Investment Treaty, the doctrine of rebus sic stantibus may allow for both an objective test and also one that must be pleaded before a third-party arbiter. For this reason, rebus operates within controlled limits. Rebus offers an international tribunal the opportunity to set out a fair termination or revision of a climate-impacted treaty. I trace the evolution of rebus as a stabilizing doctrine and illustrate the potentialities of its application to the climate crisis.

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The impact of environmental acidification on the microstructure and mechanical integrity of marine invertebrate skeletons

Conservation Physiology ◽

10.1093/conphys/coz062 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Maria Byrne ◽

Susan Fitzer

Keyword(s):

Acid Soil ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Crystal Deposition ◽

Saturation State ◽

Mechanical Integrity ◽

Changing Climate ◽

Run Off ◽

The Face ◽

Coastal Acidification ◽

The Impact

Abstract Ocean acidification (OA), from seawater uptake of anthropogenic CO2, has a suite of negative effects on the ability of marine invertebrates to produce and maintain their skeletons. Increased organism pCO2 causes hypercapnia, an energetically costly physiological stress. OA alters seawater carbonate chemistry, limiting the carbonate available to form the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals used to build skeletons. The reduced saturation state of CaCO3 also causes corrosion of CaCO3 structures. Global change is also accelerating coastal acidification driven by land-run off (e.g. acid soil leachates, tannic acid). Building and maintaining marine biomaterials in the face of changing climate will depend on the balance between calcification and dissolution. Overall, in response to environmental acidification, many calcifiers produce less biomineral and so have smaller body size. Studies of skeleton development in echinoderms and molluscs across life stages show the stunting effect of OA. For corals, linear extension may be maintained, but at the expense of less dense biomineral. Conventional metrics used to quantify growth and calcification need to be augmented by characterisation of the changes to biomineral structure and mechanical integrity caused by environmental acidification. Scanning electron microscopy and microcomputed tomography of corals, tube worms and sea urchins exposed to experimental (laboratory) and natural (vents, coastal run off) acidification show a less dense biomineral with greater porosity and a larger void space. For bivalves, CaCO3 crystal deposition is more chaotic in response to both ocean and coastal acidification. Biomechanics tests reveal that these changes result in weaker, more fragile skeletons, compromising their vital protective roles. Vulnerabilities differ among taxa and depend on acidification level. Climate warming has the potential to ameliorate some of the negative effects of acidification but may also make matters worse. The integrative morphology-ecomechanics approach is key to understanding how marine biominerals will perform in the face of changing climate.

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