scholarly journals Optimizing Momentum Resolution with a New Fitting Method for Silicon-Strip Detectors

Instruments ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregorio Landi ◽  
Giovanni Landi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
High Noise ◽  
Strip Detectors ◽  
Fitting Method ◽  
Momentum Resolution ◽  
Noise Ratio

Two new fitting methods are explored for momentum reconstruction. They give a substantial increase of momentum resolution compared to standard fit. The key point is the use of a different (realistic) probability distribution for each hit (heteroscedasticity). In the first fitting method an effective variance is calculated for each hit, the second method uses the search of the maximum likelihood. The tracker model is similar to the PAMELA tracker with its two sided detectors. Here, each side is simulated as a momentum reconstruction device. One of the two is similar to silicon micro-strip detectors of large use in running experiments. The gain obtained in momentum resolution is measured as the virtual magnetic field and the virtual signal-to-noise ratio required by the standard fits to overlap with the best of the new methods. For the low noise side, the virtual magnetic field must be increased 1.5 times to reach the overlap and 1.8 for the other. For the high noise side, the increases must be 1.8 and 2.0. The signal-to-noise ratio has to be increased by 1.6 for the low noise side and 2.2 for the high noise side ( η -algorithms). Each one of our two methods shows a very rapid linear increase of the resolution with the number N of detector layers, the two standard fits have the usual slow growth less than N .

Magnetoelectric Sensors With Directly Integrated Charge Sensitive Readout Circuit—Improved Field Sensitivity and Signal-to-Noise Ratio

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2260-2265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Fang ◽  
Ninad Mokhariwale ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Suman Datta ◽  
Q. M. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Magnetic Sensors ◽  
Readout Circuit ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Field Sensitivity ◽  
Piezoelectric Layers ◽  
Noise Ratio

The large magnetoelectric (ME) coupling in the ME laminates makes them attractive for ultrasensitive room temperature magnetic sensors. Here ,we investigate the field sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of ME laminates, consisting of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric layers (Metglas and piezopolymer PVDF were used as the model system), which are directly integrated with a low noise readout circuit. Both the theoretical analysis and experimental results show that increasing the number of piezoelectric layers can improve the SNR, especially at low frequencies. We also introduce a figure of merit to measure the overall influence of the piezolayer properties on the SNR and show that the newly developed piezoelectric single crystals of PMN-PT and PZN-PT have the promise to achieve a very high SNR and consequently ultra-high sensitivity room temperature magnetic sensors. The results show that the ME coefficients used in early ME composites development works may not be relevant to the SNR. The results also show that enhancing the magnetostrictive coefficient, for example, by employing the flux concentration effect, can lead to enhanced SNR.

scholarly journals Comparing current noise in biological and solid-state nanopores

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fragasso ◽  
S. Schmid ◽  
C. Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ionic Current ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Noise Ratio

AbstractNanopores bear great potential as single-molecule tools for bioanalytical sensing and sequencing, due to their exceptional sensing capabilities, high-throughput, and low cost. The detection principle relies on detecting small differences in the ionic current as biomolecules traverse the nanopore. A major bottleneck for the further progress of this technology is the noise that is present in the ionic current recordings, because it limits the signal-to-noise ratio and thereby the effective time resolution of the experiment. Here, we review the main types of noise at low and high frequencies and discuss the underlying physics. Moreover, we compare biological and solid-state nanopores in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the important figure of merit, by measuring free translocations of a short ssDNA through a selected set of nanopores under typical experimental conditions. We find that SiNx solid-state nanopores provide the highest SNR, due to the large currents at which they can be operated and the relatively low noise at high frequencies. However, the real game-changer for many applications is a controlled slowdown of the translocation speed, which for MspA was shown to increase the SNR >160-fold. Finally, we discuss practical approaches for lowering the noise for optimal experimental performance and further development of the nanopore technology.

scholarly journals Signal-to-noise ratio, T2 , and T2* for hyperpolarized helium-3 MRI of the human lung at three magnetic field strengths

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1458-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Komlosi ◽  
Talissa A. Altes ◽  
Kun Qing ◽  
Karen E. Mooney ◽  
G. Wilson Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Hyperpolarized Helium ◽  
Helium 3 ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Field Strengths

scholarly journals Improving the Signal to Noise Ratio of QTF Preamplifiers Dedicated for QEPAS Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4105
Author(s):  
Piotr Z. Wieczorek ◽  
Tomasz Starecki ◽  
Frank K. Tittel
Keyword(s):  
Operational Amplifier ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Noise Amplitude ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Ratio

The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is a major factor that limits the detection sensitivity of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensors. The higher the electrical signal level compared to the noise amplitude is the lower the concentration of gases that can be detected. For this reason the preamplifier circuits used in QEPAS should be optimized for low-frequency narrow-band applications. Moreover, special care should be taken when choosing a particular operational amplifier in either a transimpedance or voltage (differential) configuration. It turns out that depending on the preamp topology different operational amplifier parameters should be carefully considered when a high SNR of the whole QEPAS system is required. In this article we analyzed the influence of the crucial parameters of low-noise operational preamplifiers used in QEPAS applications and show the resulting limitations of transimpedance and voltage configurations.

scholarly journals Optimizing the intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio of MRI strip detectors

2006 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananda Kumar ◽  
Paul A. Bottomley
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Intrinsic Signal ◽  
Strip Detectors ◽  
Noise Ratio

scholarly journals Design and Research of Inductive Oil Pollutant Detection Sensor Based on High Gradient Magnetic Field Structure

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 638
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Chenzhao Bai ◽  
Chengjie Wang ◽  
Hongpeng Zhang ◽  
Lebile Ilerioluwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Iron Particles ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Gradient Magnetic Field ◽  
High Gradient ◽  
Copper Particles ◽  
Pollutant Detection ◽  
Noise Ratio

An inductive oil pollutant detection sensor based on a high-gradient magnetic field structure is designed in this paper, which is mainly used for online detection and fault analysis of pollutants in hydraulic and lubricating oil systems. The innovation of the sensor is based on the inductance detection method. Permalloy is embedded in the sensing region of the sensor, so that the detection area generates a high gradient magnetic field to enhance the detection accuracy of the sensor. Compared with traditional inductive sensors, the sensor has a significant improvement in detection accuracy, and the addition of permalloy greatly improves the stability of the sensor’s detection unit structure. The article theoretically analyzes the working principle of the sensor, optimizes the design parameters and structure of the sensor through simulation, determines the best permalloy parameters, and establishes an experimental system for verification. Experimental results show that when a piece of permalloy is added to the sensing unit, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of iron particles is increased by more than 20%, and the signal-to-noise ratio of copper particles is increased by more than 70%. When two pieces of permalloy are added, the signal-to-noise ratio for iron particles is increased by more than 70%, and the SNR for copper particles is increased several times. This method raises the lower limit of detection for ferromagnetic metal particles to 20 μm, and the lower limit for detection of non-ferromagnetic metal particles to 80 μm, which is the higher detection accuracy of the planar coil sensors. This paper provides a new and faster online method for pollutant detection in oil, which is of great significance for diagnosing and monitoring the health of oil in mechanical systems.

A blind signal-to-noise ratio estimator for high noise speech recordings

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Mercier ◽  
Roch Lefebvre
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Ratio Estimator ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
High Noise ◽  
Blind Signal ◽  
Noise Ratio

scholarly journals The Maximum Entropy Method in Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing—Increasing the Resolution, Image Noise Reduction and Echo Acquisition Rate

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 621
Author(s):  
Evgeny Bazulin
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Model Experiment ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Structural Noise ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Flat Bottom ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Code Division Multiple

The use of linear methods, for example, the Combined Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (C–SAFT), does not allow one to obtain images with high resolution and low noise, especially structural noise in all cases. Non-linear methods should improve the quality of the reconstructed image. Several examples of the application of the maximum entropy (ME) method for ultrasonic echo processing in order to reconstruct the image of reflectors with Rayleigh super-resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio are considered in the article. The use of the complex phase-shifted Barker code signal as a probe pulse and the compression of measured echoes by the ME method made it possible to increase the signal-to-noise ratio by more than 20 dB for the image of a flat-bottom hole with a diameter of 1 mm in a model experiment. A modification of the ME method for restoring the reflector image by the time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) method is considered, taking into account the change of the echo signal shape, depending on the depth of the reflector. Using the ME method, 2.5D-images of models of dangling cracks in a pipeline with a diameter of 800 mm were obtained, which make it possible to determine their dimensions. In the object with structural noise, using the ME method, it was possible to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the reflector image by more than 12 dB. To accelerate the acquisition of echoes in the dual scan mode, it is proposed to use code division multiple access (CDMA) technology based on simultaneous emission by all elements of the array of pseudo-orthogonal signals. The model experiment showed the effectiveness of applying the ME method.

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