scholarly journals Development of a Cost Model for Vertical Milling Machines to Assess Impact of Lightweighting

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Triebe ◽  
Fu Zhao ◽  
John W. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Cost Driver ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Vertical Milling ◽  
Milling Machines ◽  
Vertical Milling Machine ◽  
Use Phase ◽  
The Cost

Lightweighting is a design strategy to reduce energy consumption through the reduction of mass of a product. Lightweighting can be applied to machine tools to reduce the amount of energy consumed during the use phase. Thus, the energy cost of machine operation will be reduced. One might also hypothesize that since a lighter-weight machine tool requires less material to build, the cost to produce such a machine will be less. However, it may also be the case that lightweighting a machine tool increases its complexity, which will likely drive up the cost to manufacture the machine. To explore the cost drivers associated with building a machine tool, data on the features associated with a wide variety of vertical milling machine tools are collected. Then, empirical cost models are fit to this data. The results from the cost models show that the machine tool mass is a significant cost driver; other key drivers are the number of axes and spindle power. The models are used to predict the cost benefits of lightweighting in terms of mass, which are compared to potential increased manufacturing costs associated with complexities introduced due to lightweighting.

Mathematical Approach for Geometric Error Modeling of Three Axis CNC Vertical Milling Machine

2016 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Widyanti Kwintarini ◽  
Agung Wibowo ◽  
Yatna Yuwana Martawirya
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Cnc Machine Tools ◽  
Milling Machine ◽  
Cnc Machine ◽  
Geometrical Errors ◽  
Vertical Milling ◽  
Vertical Milling Machine ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability

The aim of this paper overviews about to find out the errors that come from three axis CNC vertical milling machine. The errors come from, the CNC milling machine can be modelled into mathematical models and later on these error models will be used to analyse the errors in the measured data. Many errors from CNC machine tools have given significant effects toward the accuracy and repeatability of manufacturing process. There are two error sources come from CNC machine tools such as tool deflection and thermal distortions of machine tool structure. These errors later on will contribute to result in the geometrical deviations of moving axis in CNC vertical milling machine. Geometrical deviations of moving axis such as linear positioning errors, roll, pitch and yaw can be designated as volumetric errors in three axis machine tool. Geometrical deviations of moving axises happen at every axis in three axis CNC vertical milling machine. Geometrical deviations of moving axises in linear and angular movement has the amount of errors up to twenty one errors. Moreover, this geometrical errors play the major role in the total amount of errors and for that particular reason extra attention towards the geometrical deviation errors will be needed along machining process. Each of geometrical error of three axes vertical machining center is modeled using a homogeneous transformation matrix (HTM). The developed mathematical model is used to calculate geometrical errors at each axis and to predict the resultant error vector at the interface of machine tool and workpiece for error compensation.

Reconstruction Method of Reconfigurable Machine Tool Based on Task Polymorphism

2014 ◽  
Vol 971-973 ◽  
pp. 1001-1004
Author(s):  
Feng Xu Zhou ◽  
Ai Ping Li ◽  
Nan Xie ◽  
Li Yun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Engine Block ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
Processing Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reconfigurable Machine Tool

For the problem of reconfigurable machine tools existing in the field of manufacturing and processing cost, the reconfiguration strategy of a reconfigurable machine tool (RMT) was proposed based on the analysis of polymorphism processing tasks. Firstly, the models of fixed cost and reconstruction cost in per production cycle were built. On this basis, the cost model of RMT during the whole production cycle was built. Then the Dijkstra’s algorithm was used to solve the model and the optimal reconstruction program was obtained. Finally, a RMT for the engine block production was taken as an example to verify the validity of the model and the method.

A Stochastic Approach to Characterization of Machine Tool System Dynamics Under Actual Working Conditions

1976 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 614-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Burney ◽  
S. M. Pandit ◽  
S. M. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Process Dynamics ◽  
Actual Working ◽  
Machine Tool Structure ◽  
Vertical Milling ◽  
Vertical Milling Machine ◽  
Tool Dynamics

The machine tool dynamics is evaluated under actual working conditions by using a time series technique. This technique develops mathematical models from only one signal, viz., the relative displacement between the cutter and the workpiece. Analysis of the experimental data collected on a vertical milling machine indicates that the new methodology is capable of characterizing the machine tool structure and the cutting process dynamics separately. Furthermore, it can also detect and quantify the interaction between these two subsystems.

scholarly journals GASOL: Gas Analysis and Optimization for Ethereum Smart Contracts

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvira Albert ◽  
Jesús Correas ◽  
Pablo Gordillo ◽  
Guillermo Román-Díez ◽  
Albert Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Upper Bound ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Automatic Optimization ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Storage Patterns ◽  
Program Line

Abstract We present the main concepts, components, and usage of Gasol, a Gas AnalysiS and Optimization tooL for Ethereum smart contracts. Gasol offers a wide variety of cost models that allow inferring the gas consumption associated to selected types of EVM instructions and/or inferring the number of times that such types of bytecode instructions are executed. Among others, we have cost models to measure only storage opcodes, to measure a selected family of gas-consumption opcodes following the Ethereum’s classification, to estimate the cost of a selected program line, etc. After choosing the desired cost model and the function of interest, Gasol returns to the user an upper bound of the cost for this function. As the gas consumption is often dominated by the instructions that access the storage, Gasol uses the gas analysis to detect under-optimized storage patterns, and includes an (optional) automatic optimization of the selected function. Our tool can be used within an Eclipse plugin for which displays the gas and instructions bounds and, when applicable, the gas-optimized function.

Feed Rate Influence on Motion Error Characteristics of CNC Vertical Milling Machine

2013 ◽  
Vol 393 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Azman Ahmad Bakir ◽  
Zainal Abidin Ahmad ◽  
Mazlan Mohamed ◽  
Mohd Nor Hakim Hassan ◽  
Muhamad Iqbal bin Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Feed Rate ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Motion Error ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Cnc Machines ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Machine Performance ◽  
Vertical Milling ◽  
Milling Machines ◽  
Vertical Milling Machine

The increasing number of the Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines usage in the manufacturing field appears to suggest that they are expected to be in good running condition. Machine tools such as CNC vertical milling machines are meant to produce precise work parts. Motion errors are factors which can directly affect the accuracy of the machine. This study presents an opportunity for interested parties to understand the characteristics of motion errors that exist in the CNC vertical milling machines with different feed rate settings. The purpose of this project is to find out any abnormalities apparent to the machine performance as the feed rate setting is increased. The motion errors of the CNC machines were examined by using a measuring device, namely Double Ball Bar (DBB). This equipment is designed to examine machine performance by measuring the accuracy of its movements. This device, which has two balls of identical size at the end of the bar, was mounted on a spindle and onto a special holder which is mounted on the working table. The machine is programmed to move in a circular motion, clockwise and anti-clockwise in three planes, XY, YZ and ZX. Any deviation from the standard data will represent the imperfection of the machines condition, especially mechanical components such as the slide bearing, spindle bearing or servo motor responses. By knowing the most significant error origin, the corrective countermeasures can then be carried out.

Incorporation of manufacturing information into an MDO environment

1999 ◽  
Vol 103 (1026) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gantois ◽  
A. J. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Cost Model ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Cost Modelling ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Recurrent Cost ◽  
Preliminary Design Stage ◽  
Wing Sweep ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The Paper describes a metal and composite recurrent cost model of a large civil aircraft wing structure for a multidisciplinary design, analysis and optimisation (MDO) environment. The work was part of a recent European MDO project (BE95-2056) which investigated methods for the integration of structures, aerodynamics, dynamics and manufacturing cost at the preliminary design stage. The paper discusses the cost modelling approach, which is based on parametric and process cost model methods, and the integration of the cost models into an MDO process. Results for the cost models are shown. A framework has been successfully developed which allows the incorporation of manufacturing cost models into an MDO environment. It allows a designer to evaluate cost changes with respect to specific design changes such as rib pitch, stringer pitch, wing area and wing sweep.

DEVICE FOR HONING PLANES WEDGES VALVES ARTILLERY SYSTEMS

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
V. A. Bahvalov
Keyword(s):  
Metal Removal ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Work Piece ◽  
Milling Machine ◽  
Machined Surface ◽  
Vertical Milling ◽  
Milling Machines ◽  
Vertical Milling Machine ◽  
Kinematic Diagram

The article describes the process of honing the details of command artillery systems, in particular the process of honing planes wedge gate of medium-caliber guns. The article is an analysis of the kinematic scheme of the device and the selected gear ratio device that provides even wear a uniform honing stones and metal removal with a flat machined surface of the work piece due to the commission of the cutting grains honing stones complex movements in the horizontal plane. Next each of the cutting grains will not be repeated for the entire processing cycle. Kinematic diagram of the device with the established and enshrined in the radial grooves of the disc honing stones is implemented in the design and manufacture of devices for honing on vertical milling machines planes wedge gate artillery systems. Investigation of the process of honing the flat specimens made of high-strength gun steels viscous with plan dimensions 130x240 mm possible to determine the rational parameters of flat honing process.Production testing device for honing planes wedge gate of one of the artillery pieces on a vertical milling machine performed at one of the engineering confirmed the efficiency of the device for a flat honing. Honing wedge planes shutter serial products (76 mm caliber gun) on a vertical milling machine using the apparatus discussed in the article improves the processing performance in comparison with conventional processing means 20…35 %. In this case, stability is regulated product design documentation form accuracy and size of the part and the surface roughness of the planes of the wedge gate Ra £ 0,32 microns.

A Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) Model for Wind Farms That Includes Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) Energy Delivery Limits

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maira Bruck ◽  
Navid Goudarzi ◽  
Peter Sandborn
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Supply Source ◽  
Levelized Cost ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Expected Performance ◽  
The Cost

The cost of energy is an increasingly important issue in the world as renewable energy resources are growing in demand. Performance-based energy contracts are designed to keep the price of energy as low as possible while controlling the risk for both parties (i.e., the Buyer and the Seller). Price and risk are often balanced using complex Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs). Since wind is not a constant supply source, to keep risk low, wind PPAs contain clauses that require the purchase and sale of energy to fall within reasonable limits. However, the existence of those limits also creates pressure on prices causing increases in the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). Depending on the variation in capacity factor (CF), the power generator (the Seller) may find that the limitations on power purchasing given by the utility (the Buyer) are not favorable and will result in higher costs of energy than predicted. Existing cost models do not take into account energy purchase limitations or variations in energy production when calculating an LCOE. A new cost model is developed to evaluate the price of electricity from wind energy under a PPA contract. This study develops a method that an energy Seller can use to negotiate delivery penalties within their PPA. This model has been tested on a controlled wind farm and with real wind farm data. The results show that LCOE depends on the limitations on energy purchase within a PPA contract as well as the expected performance characteristics associated with wind farms.

Genetic Optimization for the Design of a Machine Tool Slide Table for Reduced Energy Consumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Triebe ◽  
Fu Zhao ◽  
John W. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Machine Tool ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Sandwich Panel ◽  
Sustainable Manufacturing ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Genetic Optimization ◽  
Use Phase

Abstract Reducing the energy consumption of machine tools is important from a sustainable manufacturing perspective. Much of a machine tool’s environmental impact comes from the energy it consumes during its use phase. To move elements of a machine tool requires energy, and if the mass of those elements can be reduced, then the required energy would be reduced. Therefore, this paper proposes a genetic algorithm to design lightweight machine tools to reduce their energy consumption. This is specifically applied to optimize the structure of a machine tool slide table, which moves throughout the use of the machine tool, with the goal of reducing its mass without sacrificing its stiffness. The table is envisioned as a sandwich panel, and the proposed genetic algorithm optimizes the core of the sandwich structure while considering both mass and stiffness. A finite element model is used to assess the strength of the proposed designs. Finite element results indicate that the strength of the lightweight tables is comparable with a traditional table design.

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