scholarly journals Treatment and Prognosis of COVID-19 Associated Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1037
Author(s):  
Min Young Seo ◽  
Seung Hoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Treatment Modality ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Systemic Steroid ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Olfactory Training

Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are important initial symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the treatment modality for these conditions has yet to be clearly established. Therefore, most physicians have been administering empirical treatments for COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction, including topical or systemic steroid supplementation and olfactory training. In this literature review, we summarize the clinical course and effects of various treatments currently being conducted in patients with COVID-19-associated olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions.

scholarly journals Postinfectious Olfactory Dysfunction: Oral Steroids and Olfactory Training versus Olfactory Training Alone: Is There any Benefit from Steroids?

ORL ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sotiria Genetzaki ◽  
Evangelia Tsakiropoulou ◽  
Vasilios Nikolaidis ◽  
Konstantinos Markou ◽  
Iordanis Konstantinidis
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Line Treatment ◽  
First Line ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oral Steroids ◽  
Group A ◽  
Olfactory Training ◽  
First Line Treatment

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> There are limited treatment options for postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD). Olfactory training has recently been used in clinical practice, but no medical treatment is widely accepted. Although there is weak evidence for their value, some physicians use oral corticosteroids as first-line treatment. The aim of this study was to compare combined oral methylprednisolone and olfactory training with olfactory training alone in the management of PIOD. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This prospective cohort study included 131 patients with PIOD over a 2-year period before the COVID-19 pandemic. Seventy-eight patients who were treated with oral methylprednisolone and olfactory training (group A) were compared with 53 patients who were treated with olfactory training only (group B). Olfactory function was evaluated with “Sniffin’ Sticks” at baseline and 2, 8, and 16 weeks after initial assessment. Patients who improved after steroid treatment underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the paranasal sinuses, skin prick tests, lung spirometry, and sputum eosinophil assessment. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Oral steroids improved 19.23% of patients (<i>n</i> = 15) of group A. History, clinical evaluation, imaging, and laboratory tests identified an inflammatory background in half of them (<i>n</i> = 8). The remaining 7 had no findings of nasal inflammation, and all had a short history of olfactory dysfunction. Both groups significantly improved in olfactory testing results at the end of the olfactory training scheme without significant difference between them. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The percentage of improved patients after oral methylprednisolone was relatively low to suggest it as first-line treatment. Half of the improved patients had an underlying upper airway inflammatory condition not related to the infection that caused the acute loss of olfactory function.

Olfactory Training Using Heavy and Light Weight Molecule Odors

Perception ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia C. Poletti ◽  
Elisabeth Michel ◽  
Thomas Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Olfactory Training

Background Repeated short-term exposure to odors is known to improve olfaction in patients with acquired olfactory dysfunction. The aim was to find out whether differences in molecular weight of odors used for olfactory training influences olfaction. We hypothesized a greater improvement following training with light weight molecule (LWM) odors. Methods A prospective study was performed in patients with posttraumatic (PTOL) and postviral olfactory loss (PVOL). Olfactory training was performed over a period of 5 months. One group ( n = 48) used four odors containing heavy weight molecules (HWM; >150 g/mol) and another ( n = 48) containing LWM (<150 g/mol). Olfaction was tested before and after the training using the Sniffin’ Sticks test. Results Olfactory training was associated with olfactory improvement, with the improvement in PVOL patients being three times greater than that seen in the PTOL group. Compared with LWM training, HWM training was associated with a significantly greater improvement in Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol (PEA) threshold scores in PVOL patients; however, no such improvement could be shown for other subtests or in PTOL patients. Conclusion Overall, training was associated with olfactory improvement. With the exception of threshold scores in PVOL, there were no significant differences between LWM and HWM groups.

scholarly journals Thin basement membrane disease – literature review

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Jakub Żurawski
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Iga Nephropathy ◽  
Glomerular Basement Membrane ◽  
Alport Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Renal Lithiasis ◽  
Thin Basement Membrane Disease

Initially, the thin glomerular basement membrane disease was called “a gentle and curable hemorrhagic nephritis”. The thin basement membrane disease has been finally characterized at the beginning of 1970s. This is when the connection between previously clinically described gentle microhematuria and significant thinning of glomerular basement membrane discovered during examination under the electron-microscope has been established. Ultimately, the disease has been described as a condition characterized with a diverse clinical course, usually mild, but sometimes progressive. It is a family conditioned disease, but it also appears sporadically and concerns at least 1% of the population. It has also been stated that it is one of the most frequent renal diseases, enumerated directly after changes caused by infections, hypertension and renal lithiasis. This particular disease is diagnosed more often than IgA nephropathy and Alport syndrome, which are also associated with haematuria or microhematuria.

scholarly journals Effects of olfactory training on resting-state effective connectivity in patients with posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-388
Author(s):  
Kianoosh Hosseini ◽  
Arash Zare-Sadeghi ◽  
Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad ◽  
Marjan Mirsalehi ◽  
Davood Khezerloo
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Training

scholarly journals Clinical effects of two combinations of olfactory agents on olfactory dysfunction after upper respiratory tract infection during olfactory training

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Feng Qiao ◽  
Yin-Huan Bai ◽  
Guo-Ping Wang ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Wei Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Odor Discrimination ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Olfactory Training

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To compare two combinations of olfactory agents for olfactory training therapy of olfactory dysfunction after upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and investigate the influencing factors on clinical effects. METHODS 125 patients with olfactory dysfunction were randomly divided into two groups: test and control. During the olfactory training, four odors were used in both groups. The olfactory training lasted for 24 weeks. Then, participants were tested using Sniffin’ Sticks and threshold-discrimination-identification (TDI) composite scoring before treatment and at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. The TDI scores were compared at different time points between the groups and within them, and influence factors were analyzed. RESULTS There was no significant difference in TDI scores between both groups. Furthermore, TDI scores did not significantly change after one month of treatment in either of the groups. After 3 and 6 months of treatment, TDI scores both significantly increased, and the odor discrimination and identification abilities significantly strengthened in both groups; however, the odor thresholds did not improve. The course of the disease was a significant influencing factor on the therapeutic effect of olfactory training for both groups. CONCLUSION The combination of essential balm, vinegar, alcohol, and rose perfume for olfactory training, which are scents commonly found in daily life, can effectively cure URTI-induced olfactory dysfunction, and significantly improve the odor discrimination and identification abilities. Furthermore, prolonging the treatment time can help with the recovery of olfactory functions, and earlier olfactory training can improve the therapeutic effect.

Spinal Myxopapillary Ependymoma: The Sapienza University Experience and Comprehensive Literature Review Concerning the Clinical Course of 1602 Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Pesce ◽  
Mauro Palmieri ◽  
Daniele Armocida ◽  
Alessandro Frati ◽  
Massimo Miscusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Myxopapillary Ependymoma ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review ◽  
University Experience

Disulfiram neuro-toxicity: a review and report of a case of fluctuating neuro-encephalopathy

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Webb
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Neuropathy ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Cerebellar Ataxia ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Chronic Alcoholism ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Rare Combination ◽  
Grand Mal

AbstractA case of chronic disulfiram (Antabuse) toxicity is described, in the context of a literature review, apparently the first such description from Ireland. The rare combination of encephalopathy with peripheral neuropathy occurred in this case, along with other probably related features. These included a fluctuating clinical course, cerebellar ataxia, grand mal seizures, impotence and a delay in improvement on discontinuing disulfiram. It is likely that symptoms of anxiety and depression in this man were also in part induced by disulfiram toxicity, but interpretation of events is complicated by developing arteriosclerosis. The difficulties in distinguishing toxic effects of disulfiram from complications of chronic alcoholism are emphasized, with resulting delay in recognizing disulfiram toxicity.

scholarly journals Primary Adrenal Leiomyosarcoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. CMO.S627 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Mencoboni ◽  
M Bergaglio ◽  
M Truini ◽  
M Varaldo
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Adrenal Mass ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Histological Features ◽  
Mesenchymal Neoplasm ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Final Histological Diagnosis

The case presented here illustrates a 75 year old female patient who underwent surgical resection of a right adrenal mass of uncertain nature. The final histological diagnosis was consistent with leiomyosarcoma arising from the adrenal anatomic site. Primary leiomyosarcoma of the adrenal gland is a very rare malignant mesenchymal neoplasm: to our knowledge, this is only the twelfth case reported in literature. We describe the clinical course and a brief review of clinical and histological features, biologic behaviour, diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies.

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