Olfactory Training Using Heavy and Light Weight Molecule Odors

Perception ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia C. Poletti ◽  
Elisabeth Michel ◽  
Thomas Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Olfactory Training

Background Repeated short-term exposure to odors is known to improve olfaction in patients with acquired olfactory dysfunction. The aim was to find out whether differences in molecular weight of odors used for olfactory training influences olfaction. We hypothesized a greater improvement following training with light weight molecule (LWM) odors. Methods A prospective study was performed in patients with posttraumatic (PTOL) and postviral olfactory loss (PVOL). Olfactory training was performed over a period of 5 months. One group ( n = 48) used four odors containing heavy weight molecules (HWM; >150 g/mol) and another ( n = 48) containing LWM (<150 g/mol). Olfaction was tested before and after the training using the Sniffin’ Sticks test. Results Olfactory training was associated with olfactory improvement, with the improvement in PVOL patients being three times greater than that seen in the PTOL group. Compared with LWM training, HWM training was associated with a significantly greater improvement in Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol (PEA) threshold scores in PVOL patients; however, no such improvement could be shown for other subtests or in PTOL patients. Conclusion Overall, training was associated with olfactory improvement. With the exception of threshold scores in PVOL, there were no significant differences between LWM and HWM groups.

The Effect of Olfactory Training on Olfaction, Cognition, and Brain Function in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ben Chen ◽  
Melanie Espin ◽  
Robert Haussmann ◽  
Claudia Matthes ◽  
Markus Donix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Orbital Frontal Cortex ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Olfactory Training

Background: The olfactory system is affected very early in Alzheimer’s disease and olfactory loss can already be observed in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), an early stage of AD. Objective: The aim of this randomized, prospective, controlled, blinded study was to evaluate whether olfactory training (OT) may have an effect on olfactory function, cognitive impairment, and brain activation in MCI patients after a 4-month period of frequent short-term exposure to various odors. Methods: A total of 38 MCI outpatients were randomly assigned to OT or a control training condition, which were performed twice a day for 4 months. Olfactory testing, comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, and magnetic resonance imaging were performed before and after training. Results: The results suggested that OT exhibited no significant effect on olfaction and cognitive function. However, OT exhibited a positive effect on frontal lobe activation (left middle frontal gyrus and orbital-frontal cortex) but exhibited no effect on grey matter volume. Moreover, the change of olfactory scores was positively associated with the change of frontal activation. Conclusion: OT was found to have a limited effect on olfaction and cognition in patients with MCI compared to a non-OT condition but increased their functional response to odors in frontal area.

scholarly journals Exposure to odours improves olfactory function in healthy children

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
E. Mori ◽  
W. Petters ◽  
V.A. Schriever ◽  
C. Valder ◽  
T. Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Training Group ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Olfactory Sensitivity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Olfactory Training

Background: Short-term exposure to odours, also called "olfactory training" has been shown to improve olfactory function in healthy people but also in people with olfactory loss. Aim of this single center, prospective, controlled study was to investigate the change of olfactory function following twice-daily, short-term exposure to 4 odours over a period of approximately 12 weeks. Material and methods: We compared odour identification abilities and odour thresholds between an olfactory training group (TR group) and a group that did not perform such training (noTR group). Participants exposed themselves twice daily to 4 odours ("rose", "eucalyptus", "lemon", "clove"). Olfactory testing was performed before and after the training period using the "Sniffin' Sticks" test kit (odour identification plus odour thresholds). Results: At baseline the two groups were not significantly different in terms of age and measures of olfactory sensitivity. The TR group performed significantly better for odour thresholds for all 4 odours compared to the noTR group after 12 weeks of olfactory training. Also, with regard to odour identification the TR group outperformed the noTR group. No significant differences were found for diary-based intensity ratings. Conclusion: Repeated exposure to odours seems to improve general olfactory sensitivity in children.

Effects of ozone on cyclooxygenase metabolites in the baboon tracheobronchial tree

1990 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Fouke ◽  
R. A. DeLemos ◽  
M. J. Dunn ◽  
E. R. McFadden
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Hydrolysis Product ◽  
Tracheobronchial Tree ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Respiratory Resistance ◽  
Pulmonary Resistance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Before And After

Short-term exposure to 0.5 parts per million (ppm) ozone has been shown to cause an increase in respiratory resistance in primates that can be diminished by 50% with pretreatment with cromolyn sodium. Because of the known membrane-stabilizing effects of cromolyn and the resultant inhibition of mediator production, we hypothesized a role for the products of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in these events. We exposed five adult male baboons to 0.5 ppm ozone on two occasions, once with cromolyn pretreatment and once without. Pulmonary resistance (RL) was monitored and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed before and after each exposure. The BAL was analyzed for a stable hydrolysis product of prostacyclin, 6-keto-prostaglandin (PG) F1 alpha, PGE2, a stable hydrolysis product of thromboxane (Tx) A2, TxB2, and PGF2 alpha. RL increased after ozone exposure (1.62 +/- 0.23 to 3.77 +/- 0.51 cmH2O.l-1.s, difference 2.15; P less than 0.02), and this effect was partially blocked by cromolyn (1.93 +/- 0.09 to 3.18 +/- 0.40 cmH2O.l-1.s, difference 1.25; P less than 0.02). The base-line levels of the metabolites of AA in the BAL were as follows (in pg/ml): 6-keto-PGF1 alpha 72.78 +/- 12.6, PGE2 145.92 +/- 30.52, TxB2 52.52 +/- 9.56, and PGF2 alpha 22.28 +/- 5.42. Ozone exposure had no effect on the level of any of these prostanoids (P = NS). These studies quantify the magnitude of cyclooxygenase products of AA metabolism in BAL from baboon lungs and demonstrate that changes in the levels of these mediators in BAL are not prerequisites for ozone-induced increases in respiratory resistance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals The Effect of Endoscopic Olfactory Cleft Opening on Obstructed Olfactory Cleft Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Rong-San Jiang ◽  
Kai-Li Liang
Keyword(s):  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Threshold Levels ◽  
Olfactory Cleft ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol

Purpose. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of endoscopic olfactory cleft (OC) opening on olfaction in patients with obstructed OC disease. Materials and Methods. Patients with obstructed OC disease who underwent endoscopic OC opening for treatment were enrolled. The endoscopic olfactory cleft opening was performed under local anesthesia. Under an endoscopy, the middle and superior turbinates were gently lateralized to open the OC using an elevator. The phenyl ethyl alcohol threshold test was performed to evaluate the olfactory function both before and after surgery. Results. An endoscopic OC opening was performed on 42 patients. Amongst them, the etiology of OC obstruction revealed anatomic anomalies in 14 patients, inflammatory process in 14, and anatomic anomalies as well as inflammatory process in 14. The phenyl ethyl alcohol threshold levels improved in 32 (76.2%) of the patients after surgery. The olfactory function was better improved in patients experiencing OC obstructed by inflammatory process than those by anatomic anomalies. Conclusions. This study showed that endoscopic OC opening seemed to be effective in treating olfactory dysfunction in patients with obstructed OC disease caused by inflammatory process.

Positron emission tomography studies of healthy volunteers-no effects on the dopamine terminals and synthesis after short term exposure to toluene

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Edling ◽  
B. Hellman ◽  
B. Arvidson ◽  
G. Johansson ◽  
J. Andersson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Dopamine Synthesis ◽  
Decarboxylase Activity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Before And After

Despite extensive research, the mechanisms for the effects of organic solvents on the central nervous system are still unknown. One mechanism proposed is that solvents interfere with the synthesis of neurotransmitters. In the present study 11 male healthy volunteers were exposed during 15 min to 100 p.p.m. toluene at light physical exercise, and the dopamine decarboxylase activity and number of terminals in putamen were measured before and after exposure by positron emission tomography. Two different tracers were used, [β-11C]L-DOPA for decarbox ylase activity during the in vivo synthesis of dopamine, and [11C] nomifensine to estimate the number of terminals. Although there was a slight increase in the rate of dopamine synthesis in the putamen after the exposure, this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.4). No effect was observed with regard to the uptake of nomifensine. There was no significant relationship between the dose of toluene and rate of dopamine synthesis, and no significant correlation between the time from end of exposure to start of the PET-camera and DOPA. Our findings indicate that short term exposure to 100 p.p.m. of toluene does not affect the rate of dopamine synthesis or the number of presynaptic terminals.

scholarly journals Long term effects of olfactory training in patients with post-infectious olfactory loss

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-175
Author(s):  
I. Konstantinidis ◽  
E. Tsakiropoulou ◽  
J. Constantinidis
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Olfactory Training ◽  
Post Infectious

Background: There is evidence of the effectiveness of repeated exposure to odours on short-term olfactory function. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term effects of olfactory training. Methods: We conducted a prospective study of 111 patients with post-infectious olfactory dysfunction. Two groups of patients performed olfactory training for 16 and 56 weeks, respectively, and were compared with a control group. The training was performed twice daily using four odours (phenyl ethyl alcohol, eucalyptol, citronellal, eugenol). Olfactory testing was performed by means of the Sniffin Sticks test as a baseline assessment and then every 8 weeks for 56 weeks. Subjective ratings were performed using a visual analogue scale (0-100). Results: Both training groups presented significantly higher scores than the controls. The long-term group had better results than the short-term group. Short-term training patients sustained their improvement within the follow-up period. Subsets analysis showed that training patients mainly increased identification and discrimination. Subjective ratings were in accordance with the olfactory test results. Conclusion: Long-term olfactory training seems to be associated with better results in patients with post-infectious olfactory loss than a short-term scheme. Short-term training provides sustainable results at 56 weeks follow-up assessment.

scholarly journals Olfactory Training for Postviral Olfactory Dysfunction: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 019459982094355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nrusheel Kattar ◽  
Triet M. Do ◽  
Graham D. Unis ◽  
Matthew R. Migneron ◽  
Andrew J. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Upper Respiratory Infection ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Olfactory Training ◽  
Existing Data

Objective Olfactory dysfunction is a common problem that is most frequently attributed to upper respiratory infection. Postviral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) can be prolonged and clinically challenging to treat. Olfactory training (OT) has demonstrated potential benefit for patients with nonspecific olfactory dysfunction. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of OT specifically for PVOD by pooled analysis of the existing evidence. Data Sources PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Review Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were queried and abstracts screened independently by 2 investigators. We included studies evaluating the efficacy of OT for PVOD and excluded studies evaluating pharmacologic interventions or olfactory loss from other causes. Results Of the initial 1981 abstracts reviewed, 16 full-text articles were included. Sniffin’ Sticks olfactory testing results were reported in 15 (93%) studies as threshold (T), discrimination (D), and identification (I) subscores and TDI total scores. All studies reported clinically significant results after OT, defined as a score improvement of TDI >5.5. Four studies were included in the meta-analysis, in which pooled estimates revealed that patients with PVOD who received OT had a 2.77 (95% confidence interval, 1.67-4.58) higher odds of achieving a clinically important difference in TDI scores compared to controls. Conclusion Meta-analysis of existing data demonstrates clinically significant improvements in PVOD associated with OT. Variability exists among OT protocols and may benefit from further optimization. Existing data supports the use of OT for the treatment of existing and newly emerging cases of PVOD.

Characteritics of bone marrow cell graft from patients with chronic heart failure before and after a short-term exposure to erythropoietin

2017 ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
А.П. Лыков ◽  
А.М. Чернявский ◽  
О.В. Повещенко ◽  
А.В. Фомичев ◽  
М.А. Суровцева ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Conditioned Medium ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tubule Formation ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Cd34 Cells ◽  
Before And After

Аутологичные костномозговые стволовые клетки являются альтернативным способом терапии пациентов с сердечной недостаточностью. Цель работы - изучение фенотипа и функциональных свойств костномозговых мононуклеарных клеток (КМ-МНК) больных хронической сердечной недостаточностью (ХСН) до и после кратковременной экспозиции с эритропоэтином in vitro . Методика. КМ-МНК выделяли на градиенте плотности фиколл/верографин (r = 1,077 г/л). Фенотип КМ-МНК, клеточный цикл и апоптоз CD34+ клеток определяли до и после экспозиции с эритропоэтином на проточном цитометре. Пролиферативный потенциал КМ-МНК до и после экспозиции с эритропоэтином оценивали в спонтанном и стимулирующем тесте. Пролиферацию, миграцию и ангиогенный потенциал клеток EA.hy 929 изучали в тесте «раневого дефекта» монослоя клеток и на матригеле под влиянием 30% кондиционных сред от КМ-МНК. Результаты. Показано, что КМ-МНК представляют собой смесь гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (ГСК), эндотелиальных прогениторных клеток (ЭПК) на разных этапах созревания и дифференцировки, и мезенхимных стволовых клеток (МСК). Под действием эритропоэтина увеличивается количество CD34+ клеток в G0G1 фазе клеточного цикла, CD45+/EpoR+, CD31-/CD184+, CD31+/CD184+ и CD34+/CD184-, и уменьшается количество CD34+/CD133+, CD34+/EpoR-. Кондиционная среда от КМ-МНК способствует пролиферации, миграции и формированию сосудисто-подобных структур клетками EA.hy 929. Заключение. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют, что кратковременная экспозиция КМ-МНК больных ХСН задерживает CD34+ клетки в стадии покоя, увеличивает пул ЭПК, экспрессирующих «хоуминг» рецептор, а кондиционная среда от КМ-МНК стимулирует пролиферацию, миграцию и ангиогенный потенциал EA.hy 929, что следует учитывать при выборе методов усиления «приживаемости» клеточного трансплантата. Autologous bone marrow stem cells are an alternative therapy for patients with heart failure. The aim of this work was to study the phenotype and functional properties of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) from patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) before and after a short-term in vitro exposure to erythropoietin. Methods. BM-MNCs were isolated using density gradient. The BM-MNC phenotype, cell cycle, and apoptosis of CD34+ cells were evaluated before and after exposure to erythropoietin with a flow cytometer. Proliferation of BM-MNCs before and after the erythropoietin exposure was evaluated in a spontaneous and stimulating test. Proliferation, migration, and angiogenic potential of EA.hy 929 cells were studied in the wound closure test and in the tubule formation test under the influence of 30% conditioned medium from BM-MNCs. Results. BM-MNCs represented a mixture of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) at different stages of maturation and differentiation, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Erythropoietin increased the number of CD34+ cells in the G0/G1 cell cycle phase, CD45+/EpoR+, CD31-/CD184+, CD31+/CD184+, and CD34+/CD184-, and decreased the number of CD34+/CD133+ and CD34+/EpoR. The erythropoietin exposure of BM-MNCs reduced their proliferative capacity. The BM-MNCs-conditioned medium promoted EA.hy 929 cell proliferation, migration, and formation of vascular-like structures. Conclusion. A short-term exposure of BM-MNCs delayed the resting stage of CD34+ cells, increased the pool of EPCs expressing the homing receptor while the BM-MNC conditioned medium stimulated EA.hy 929 proliferation, migration and tubule formation, which should be taken into account when selecting methods to enhance survival of cellular grafts.

scholarly journals Short-term physiological effects of smoke on grapevine leaves

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Bell ◽  
S. L. Stephens ◽  
M. A. Moritz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Loss ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Prescribed Burns ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Grapevine Leaves ◽  
In Fire

In recent years, bushfires and prescribed burns have caused substantial economic loss to the wine industry due to smoke taint, which makes wine unpalatable. Considerable research is being done to ameliorate smoke taint but the information available about the effect of smoke on grapevines is limited. We examined the physiological effects of short-term exposure to smoke on leaves of several varieties of grapevines. Gas exchange was measured before and after short-term exposure of leaves to smoke that was produced by combustion of two different fuels. For most varieties, short-term exposure to smoke had little effect on leaf physiology. For varieties that were affected by smoke, patterns of recovery of leaf physiology depended on fuel type. Short-term exposure to smoke had, at best, no significant effect and, at worst, only temporary effects on functioning of leaves. All varieties had recovered to pre-smoke functioning within 48h. This study will contribute to the growing body of information relevant to fire and land management agencies and the wine industry in fire-prone areas including Australia, North and South America and Europe.

scholarly journals Short-term impact of acute uncomplicated malaria on the cognitive performance of school children living in an endemic area

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Masyitah Masyitah ◽  
Lily Rahmawati ◽  
Sri Sofyani ◽  
Munar Lubis ◽  
Iskandar Z. Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
School Children ◽  
Uncomplicated Malaria ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Malaria Endemic Area ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
North Sumatra

Background In Indonesia, malaria remains a public healthproblem. In North Sumatra between 2000 and 2004, an estimated50,670 clinical cases occurred every year, leading to the deathsof 9-10 people per year.Objectives To determine the short-term impact of acute uncompli-cated malaria on the cognitive performance of school children.Methods A prospective study was conducted on students at fourelementary schools in Madina, North Sumatra, Indonesia, fromAugust 15 to September 3, 2006. Subjects were classified intomalaria and non-malaria groups based on microscopically confirmedblood smears; they were selected by means of random sampling.Cognitive performance was measured with two examination paperson mathematics and Indonesian language before and two weeksafter artesunate and amodiaquin treatment for three days in themalaria group. Independent or paired t-tests were used to analyzedifferences in mean scores of cognitive performance.Results From 925 children examined, 384 suffered from malaria.One-hundred and thirty three children were recruited from themalaria group and 132 children were recruited from the non-malaria group. There was no difference in the distribution ofgeneral characteristics of the subjects. There was a significantdifference in cognitive performance between the malaria andnon-malaria groups (P<0.0001) before and after treatments. Inthe malaria group, there was a significant difference in cognitiveperformance before (mean 38.9; SD 15.19) and after treatment(mean 72.9; SD 10.41) with P<O.OOOl.Conclusion Acute uncomplicated malaria significantly affectsthe cognitive performance of school children living in a malaria-endemic area.

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