scholarly journals An Investigation into the Sources of Depreciations in Mongolian Tugrik Exchange Rate: A Structural VAR Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Gunbileg Ganbayar
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Forecast Error ◽  
Nominal Exchange Rate ◽  
Structural Var ◽  
The Real ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Exchange Rate Movements ◽  
Exchange Rate Level ◽  
Nominal Shocks

This paper empirically investigates the sources of fluctuations in real and nominal Mongolian Tugrik (MNT) exchange rates by estimating the structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model over the period January 1994–May 2021 and decomposing the exchange rate series into stochastic components induced by real and nominal shocks under the assumption of the long-run neutrality of nominal shocks on the real exchange rate level. The empirical results show that the real MNT exchange rate movements are primarily due to the real shocks, while the nominal shocks have a major role in explaining nominal exchange rate movements in the short and long run. The nominal exchange rate shows a delayed over-shooting occurring between one and three years after a nominal shock hits the economy. The long-run effect of a monthly one standard deviation nominal shock on nominal MNT exchange rate is 2.5%, which results in a permanent divergence between real and nominal MNT exchange rate and causes non-cointegrated relation between real and nominal MNT exchange rates. The historical decomposition of forecast error indicates that the nominal shock plays a significant role in explaining the depreciation in nominal MNT exchange rate over the last three decades. Our recommendation is to stop “cash handling” policy, minimize monetary shock, and coordinate fiscal and monetary policies to avoid large nominal depreciation.

scholarly journals Exchange Rates and Monetary Fundamentals: What Do We Learn from Linear and Nonlinear Regressions?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangfeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Exchange Rate Dynamics ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Exchange Rate Movements ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Us Dollar ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Japanese Yen

This paper revisits the association between exchange rates and monetary fundamentals with the focus on both linear and nonlinear approaches. With the monthly data of Euro/US dollar and Japanese yen/US dollar, our linear analysis demonstrates the monetary model is a long-run description of exchange rate movements, and our nonlinear modelling suggests the error correction model describes the short-run adjustment of deviations of exchange rates, and monetary fundamentals are capable of explaining exchange rate dynamics under an unrestricted framework.

scholarly journals Exchange rate and monetary fundamentals: Long run relationship revisited

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Niyati Bhanja ◽  
Arif Dar ◽  
Aviral Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Integration Method ◽  
Nominal Exchange Rate ◽  
Monetary Model ◽  
Integration Approach ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Monetary Approach ◽  
Likelihood Approach

This study re-examines the long run validity of the monetary approach to exchange rate determination for India. In particular, the long run association of bilateral nominal exchange rate of Indian rupee vis-?-vis USD, Pound-sterling, Yen and Euro against the corresponding monetary fundamentals that the model underlines has been tested using Johansen-Juselius maximum likelihood framework and Gregory-Hansen co-integration approach. Irrespective of the exchange rates the study finds a co-integrating relationship among the variables using Johansen-Juselius maximum likelihood approach. The Gregory-Hansen co-integration method allows for one break determined endogenously in three specifications also confirms the long run relationship. Our results, hence, suggest that the monetary model is a valid theory of long run equilibrium condition for the rupee-dollar, rupee-pound, rupee-yen and rupee-euro exchange rates.

Properties of the fundamental equilibrium exchange rate in the Treasury model

1999 ◽  
Vol 169 ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith B. Church
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Real Exchange Rate ◽  
Nominal Exchange Rate ◽  
Equilibrium Exchange Rate ◽  
Natural Rate ◽  
The Real ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Exchange ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Fundamental Equilibrium Exchange Rate

This article calculates the equilibrium real exchange rate for the UK economy. The long-run trade and supply side relationships from HM Treasury's model are used to estimate the level of the real exchange rate consistent with the UK economy growing at its ‘natural’ rate while achieving a sustainable current account position. The model shows that the real exchange rate associated with macroeconomic equilibrium lies well below the actual rate for most of the 1990s. This result has important implications for possible UK participation in the single European currency as, once the nominal exchange rate is fixed, overvaluation can only be corrected by holding UK inflation lower than that elsewhere. Achieving this may be costly in terms of jobs and output.

scholarly journals REAL SHOCK OR NOMINAL SHOCK? EXCHANGE RATE MOVEMENTS IN CAMBODIA AND LAO PDR

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (04) ◽  
pp. 685-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEIHA OK ◽  
MAKOTO KAKINAKA ◽  
HIROAKI MIYAMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Structural Vector Autoregression ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Nominal Exchange Rates ◽  
Exchange Rate Movements ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Real Shocks ◽  
Nominal Shocks

This paper studies sources of fluctuations in real and nominal US dollar exchange rates in Cambodia and Lao PDR by decomposing them into the components induced by real and nominal factors. These shocks affecting real and nominal exchange rates are identified by using a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model with the long-run neutrality restriction of Blanchard and Quah (1989). The empirical analysis demonstrates that real shocks in direction of depreciation lead to real and nominal depreciation, while nominal shocks induce long-run nominal depreciation but real appreciation in the short-run. Several economic implications are also discussed.

scholarly journals Exchange rate modelling in the development community using the ARDL cointegration approach: The case of emerging markets

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-70
Author(s):  
Abdulkader Aljandali ◽  
Christos Kallandranis
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Equilibrium Exchange Rate ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Exchange ◽  
Exchange Rate Movements ◽  
Exchange Rate Models

Despite rising interest in African economies, there is little prior research on the determinants of exchange rate movements in the region. This paper examines the monthly exchange rates of the country members of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) from 1990 to 2010 inclusive. Long-run equilibrium exchange rate models are established, exchange rate determinants are identified, and ex-post forecasts are generated for a period of 18 months (Sekantsi, 2011). The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration model is used in this paper, given its statistical advantages over commonly, applied cointegration techniques. Findings show that the ARDL method generates accurate forecasts for eight out of 11 sampled exchange rates. In keeping with earlier literature (e.g., Redda & Muzindusti, 2017; Zerihun & Breitenbach, 2017; etc.), findings suggest that the chances of SADC member countries fulfilling the requirements of a currency union are quite low. This paper marks one of the first attempts in the literature to forecast exchange rates in SADC using the ARDL approach (Pesaran & Shin, 1995). The results would be of interest to policy-makers, researchers and investors.

scholarly journals DETERMINANTS OF REAL EXCHANGE RATE IN ETHIOPIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 183-210
Author(s):  
Nandeeswara Rao ◽  
TassewDufera Tolcha
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Real Exchange Rate ◽  
Impulse Response ◽  
Variance Decomposition ◽  
Capital Inflow ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Nominal Exchange Rate ◽  
The Real ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

Real exchange rate has direct effects on trade particularly on international trade and has indirect effects on productions and employments, so it is crucial to understand the factors which determine its variations. This study analyses the main determinants of the real exchange rate and the dynamic adjustment of the real exchange rate following shocks to those determinants using yearly Ethiopian time series data covering the period 1971 to 2010. It begins with a review of literatures on Exchange rate, real exchange rate, determinants of the real exchange rate and provides an updated background on the exchange rate system in Ethiopia. An empirical model linking the real exchange rate to its theoretical determinants is then specified. This study had employed the cointegration and vector autoregression (VAR) analysis with impulse response and variance decomposition analyses to provide robust long run effects and short run dynamic effects on the real exchange rate. Share of investment, foreign exchange reserve, capital inflow and government consumption of non-tradable goods were the variable that have been found to have a long run relationship with the real exchange rate. The estimate of the speed of adjustment coefficient found in this study indicates that about a third of the variation in the real exchange rate from its equilibrium level is corrected within a year. The regression result of VECM reveals that terms of trade, nominal exchange rate, and one period lag of capital flow were the variables significantly affects the real exchange rate in the short run. However, the impulse response and variance decomposition analysis shows a better picture of the short run dynamics. The their analysis provided evidence that the Shocks to terms of trade, nominal exchange rate, capital inflow and share of investment have persistent effects on the real exchange rate in the short run. In general the regression results of both long run and short run models mostly suggest that the fluctuations of real exchange rates are predominantly responses to monetary policies shocks rather than fiscal policy shocks.

Purchasing Power Parity and Real Exchange Rates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menzie D. Chinn
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Real Exchange Rate ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
Nominal Exchange Rate ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
The Real ◽  
Short Run

The idea that prices and exchange rates adjust so as to equalize the common-currency price of identical bundles of goods—purchasing power parity (PPP)—is a topic of central importance in international finance. If PPP holds continuously, then nominal exchange rate changes do not influence trade flows. If PPP does not hold in the short run, but does in the long run, then monetary factors can affect the real exchange rate only temporarily. Substantial evidence has accumulated—with the advent of new statistical tests, alternative data sets, and longer spans of data—that purchasing power parity does not typically hold in the short run. One reason why PPP doesn’t hold in the short run might be due to sticky prices, in combination with other factors, such as trade barriers. The evidence is mixed for the longer run. Variations in the real exchange rate in the longer run can also be driven by shocks to demand, arising from changes in government spending, the terms of trade, as well as wealth and debt stocks. At time horizon of decades, trend movements in the real exchange rate—that is, systematically trending deviations in PPP—could be due to the presence of nontraded goods, combined with real factors such as differentials in productivity growth. The well-known positive association between the price level and income levels—also known as the “Penn Effect”—is consistent with this channel. Whether PPP holds then depends on the time period, the time horizon, and the currencies examined.

How Important are Nominal Shocks in Driving Real Exchange Rates? / Wie bedeutend sind nominale Schocks zur Erklärung realer Wechselkursbewegungen?

2005 ◽  
Vol 225 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Kempa
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Real Exchange Rates ◽  
Asset Price ◽  
Structural Var ◽  
Impulse Response Functions ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Structural Vars ◽  
Nominal Shocks

SummaryMost of the extant literature identifies the sources of real exchange rate fluctuations by means of structural VAR analysis using long-run identification restrictions only. This paper presents an analogous decomposition on the basis of a simple textbook model of exchange rate determination, where identification is achieved after a suitable triangularization. This identification strategy allows for a calibration on the basis of the contemporaneous restrictions implied by the model. In order to facilitate a comparison with the results from the structural VAR studies, very similar data are used here as well. These are quarterly data collected on the bilateral exchange rates for the Deutsche Mark, the British Pound and the Japanese Yen, all relative to the U.S. Dollar. The implied impulse response functions of the model exhibit impact reactions of the exchange rate following either a monetary (nominal) or a real shock, thus conforming to the asset price property of exchange rates. This is in contrast to the delayed exchange rate responses typical in the structural VAR studies. Moreover, the variance decompositions indicate a dominant role for real shocks, with nominal shocks recognizable at best only in the short run. These results correspond quite closely to those obtained from structural VARs.

scholarly journals The Long-run Relationship between Real Exchange Rate and Real Interest Rate in Asian Countries: An Application of Panel Cointegration

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (4II) ◽  
pp. 577-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaista Alam ◽  
Muhammad Sabihuddin Butt ◽  
Azhar Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Real Exchange Rate ◽  
Real Interest Rate ◽  
Real Exchange Rates ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
The Real ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Interest Rate Differentials

The role of exchange rate policy in economic development has been the subject of much debate and controversy in the development literature. Interest rates and exchange rates are usually viewed as important in the transmission of monetary impulses to the real economy. In the short run the standard view of academics and policy-makers is that a monetary expansion lowers the interest rate and rises the exchange rate, with these price changes then affecting the level and composition of aggregate demand. Frequently, these influences are described as the liquidity effects of monetary expansion, viewed as the joint effect of providing larger quantities of money to the private sector. Popular theories of exchange-rate determination also predict a link between real exchange rates and real interest rate differentials. These theories combine the uncovered interest parity relationship with the assumption that the real exchange rate deviates from its long-run level only temporarily. Under these assumptions, shocks to the real exchange rate—which are often viewed as caused by shocks to monetary policy—are expected to reverse themselves over time. This study investigates the long-run relationship between real exchange rates and real interest rate differentials using recently developed panel cointegration technique. Although this kind of relationship has been studied by a number of researchers,1 very little evidence in support of the relationship has been reported in the case of developing countries. For example, Meese and Rogoff (1988) and Edison and Pauls (1993), among others, used the Engle-Granger cointegration method and fail to establish a clear long-run relationship in their analysis.

scholarly journals The Real Exchange Rate Fluctuations Puzzle: Evidence For Advanced And Transition Economies

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amalia Morales-Zumaquero
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Real Exchange Rate ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Real Exchange Rates ◽  
The Real ◽  
Exchange Rate Fluctuations ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Nominal Shocks

This paper tries to analyze the sources of the real exchange rate fluctuations for a set of advanced economies and Central and Eastern European transition economies. To address this, in a first step, we compute two measures of the share of the variance of the real exchange rate accounted for movements in the relative prices of traded goods between the countries. One measure is based on R2 coefficient and the other one is based on the mean-squared error (MSE) of the changes in the real exchange rate. In a second step, we estimate structural (identified) vector autoregression (SVAR) models, and decompose real and nominal exchange rate movements into those caused by real and nominal shocks. In a third step, we complete previous ones with an impulse-response analysis. Three central messages are derived from results: (1) for transition economies, under regimes of managed nominal exchange rates, the relative price of non-traded goods explain a large percentage of the variance of the real exchange rate; (2) there is evidence of instability in the variance decomposition of the real exchange rates for advanced economies across samples, and (3) as result of diverse fiscal and monetary policies in transition economies, real exchange rates in some economies are driven mostly by real shocks while in others are driven mostly by nominal shocks.

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