scholarly journals A New Approach to the Fabrication of Memristive Neuromorphic Devices: Compositionally Graded Films

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3680
Author(s):  
Jong-Gul Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Film Electrode ◽  
Retention Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Neuromorphic Computing ◽  
Term Memory

Energy-efficient computing paradigms beyond conventional von-Neumann architecture, such as neuromorphic computing, require novel devices that enable information storage at nanoscale in an analogue way and in-memory computing. Memristive devices with long-/short-term synaptic plasticity are expected to provide a more capable neuromorphic system compared to traditional Si-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits. Here, compositionally graded oxide films of Al-doped MgxZn1−xO (g-Al:MgZnO) are studied to fabricate a memristive device, in which the composition of the film changes continuously through the film thickness. Compositional grading in the films should give rise to asymmetry of Schottky barrier heights at the film-electrode interfaces. The g-Al:MgZnO films are grown by using aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition. The current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of the films show self-rectifying memristive behaviors which are dependent on maximum applied voltage and repeated application of electrical pulses. Endurance and retention performance tests of the device show stable bipolar resistance switching (BRS) with a short-term memory effect. The short-term memory effects are ascribed to the thermally activated release of the trapped electrons near/at the g-Al:MgZnO film-electrode interface of the device. The volatile resistive switching can be used as a potential selector device in a crossbar memory array and a short-term synapse in neuromorphic computing.

Improvement of Visual Short-Term Memory Characteristics in Monkeys: Effect of an Antioxidant

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 115-115
Author(s):  
I V Chueva ◽  
K N Dudkin
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Motor Reaction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Systemic Injection ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Motor Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory

Visual short-term memory was tested in a delayed-discrimination task on rhesus monkeys before and after a systemic injection of the antioxidant oxymetacil (4 – 7 mg kg−1). Monkeys had to discriminate stimuli with different visual attributes (colour, orientation, spatial frequency, size, contrast, spatial relationships between visual objects) by a delayed (0 – 32 s) instrumental reflex. Oxymetacil had no influence upon visual discrimination without delay, but after injection of this drug the delayed discrimination (associated with mechanisms of short-term memory) of different stimuli was significantly improved. Oxymetacil increased the duration of short-term storage of spatial information by a factor of 2 – 4 and decreased motor reaction time. Application of oxymetacil in the same doses produced similar results for delayed discrimination of black-and-white gratings, or geometrical figures of different orientations and size. The duration of short-term information storage was doubled or trebled and the motor reaction time was decreased. If monkeys were required to discriminate colour figures, the duration of short-term information storage was also doubled, being longer than for any of the other tasks. The results are discussed in terms of effects on cortical interregional synchronisation mechanisms responsible for control processes such as attention.

Short-Term Memory Factors in Oral Retention

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-349
Author(s):  
Philip H. Marshall ◽  
Margaret Sharrow ◽  
Ehud Yairi
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Interval Duration ◽  
Retention Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Test Form ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Exploration Time ◽  
Performance Accuracy

Study or exploration time and retention interval duration between orignal-form exploration and test-form exploration were varied to assess the effect of these two variables on performance accuracy on an oral stereognostic memory task. Irregularly shaped, four-sided plastic forms were used as stimuli. Retention performance improved significantly with an increase in exploration time of up to 15 seconds, but was not effected by delays in testing of up to 60 seconds. Clincal and theoretical implications for oral stereognosis are discussed.

scholarly journals The effect of Quran murottal’s audio on short term memory

2018 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 01060
Author(s):  
Perdana Suteja Putra ◽  
Retno Gumilar ◽  
Sasmita Rahma Kusuma ◽  
Hari Purnomo ◽  
Chancard Basumerda
Keyword(s):  
Software Design ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Design Tools ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Average Ability ◽  
Good Memory ◽  
The Brain

In all activities, people need memory as information storage. A good memory will make it easier for people to remember so they can do their job well. One of the things that affect memory is the sound of music. Music is commonly used as a stress treatment or as one of the stimuli of human brain memory. Not only classical music can be one of the stimuli of brain memory, but listening to the Quran can also be one of the brain memory stimulants. Several studies have proven that by listening to the Qur'an, the ability of the brain can be increased significantly. In this study used the variables pre and posted Qur'an listening to 50 respondents. Respondents consisted of 26 men and 24 women aged 19-22 years old. All respondents will get two treatments. The first treatment is without listening to murottal and the second treatment is done after listening to the Quran. All respondents will do memory test using the program running memory in software design tools. The results showed that the average ability of short-term memory without listening to murottal 11.8 and the average ability of short-term memory by listening to murottal is 12.62. Based on these results it is known that by listening to the Quran provides a significant increase in the ability of the brain.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Working, Declarative, and Procedural Memory in Children With Developmental Language Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 4162-4178
Author(s):  
Emily Jackson ◽  
Suze Leitão ◽  
Mary Claessen ◽  
Mark Boyes
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Spatial

Purpose Previous research into the working, declarative, and procedural memory systems in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) has yielded inconsistent results. The purpose of this research was to profile these memory systems in children with DLD and their typically developing peers. Method One hundred four 5- to 8-year-old children participated in the study. Fifty had DLD, and 54 were typically developing. Aspects of the working memory system (verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory, and visual–spatial short-term memory) were assessed using a nonword repetition test and subtests from the Working Memory Test Battery for Children. Verbal and visual–spatial declarative memory were measured using the Children's Memory Scale, and an audiovisual serial reaction time task was used to evaluate procedural memory. Results The children with DLD demonstrated significant impairments in verbal short-term and working memory, visual–spatial short-term memory, verbal declarative memory, and procedural memory. However, verbal declarative memory and procedural memory were no longer impaired after controlling for working memory and nonverbal IQ. Declarative memory for visual–spatial information was unimpaired. Conclusions These findings indicate that children with DLD have deficits in the working memory system. While verbal declarative memory and procedural memory also appear to be impaired, these deficits could largely be accounted for by working memory skills. The results have implications for our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying language impairment in the DLD population; however, further investigation of the relationships between the memory systems is required using tasks that measure learning over long-term intervals. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13250180

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

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