scholarly journals Formulas, Algorithms and Examples for Binomial Distributed Data Confidence Interval Calculation: Excess Risk, Relative Risk and Odds Ratio

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 2506
Author(s):  
Lorentz Jäntschi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Excess Risk ◽  
Distributed Data ◽  
Medical Studies ◽  
Measures Of Association ◽  
Discrete Population ◽  
Current Guidelines

Medical studies often involve a comparison between two outcomes, each collected from a sample. The probability associated with, and confidence in the result of the study is of most importance, since one may argue that having been wrong with a percent could be what killed a patient. Sampling is usually done from a finite and discrete population and it follows a Bernoulli trial, leading to a contingency of two binomially distributed samples (better known as 2×2 contingency table). Current guidelines recommend reporting relative measures of association (such as the relative risk and odds ratio) in conjunction with absolute measures of association (which include risk difference or excess risk). Because the distribution is discrete, the evaluation of the exact confidence interval for either of those measures of association is a mathematical challenge. Some alternate scenarios were analyzed (continuous vs. discrete; hypergeometric vs. binomial), and in the main case—bivariate binomial experiment—a strategy for providing exact p-values and confidence intervals is proposed. Algorithms implementing the strategy are given.

Risky Business: Making Sense of Estimates of Risk

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L Streiner
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Number Needed To Treat ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Specific Outcome ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Risky Business

This article describes various indices of risk, which is the probability that a person will develop a specific outcome. The risk difference is the absolute difference in risks between 2 groups and can be used either to compare the outcome of 2 groups, one of which was exposed to some genetic or environmental factor, or to see how much of an effect a treatment may have. The reciprocal of the risk difference, the number needed to treat, expresses how many patients must receive the intervention in order for 1 person to derive some benefit. Attributable risk reflects the proportion of cases due to some putative cause and indicates the number of cases that can be averted if the cause were removed. Finally, the relative risk and odds ratio reflect the relative differences between groups in achieving some outcome, either good (a cure) or bad (development of a disorder).

scholarly journals Efficacy of parecoxib sodium on postoperative shivering: meta-analysis of clinical trials

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhu ◽  
Chengmao Zhou ◽  
Yuting Yang ◽  
Yijian Chen
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Effective Strategy

Objective To evaluate the effect of parecoxib on preventing postoperative shivering. Methods Main outcomes were the relative risk (odds ratio, OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) relative to the incidence of shivering. Results Fourteen trials with 1,175 patients were analyzed. The pooled evidence suggested that parecoxib sodium, given before anesthesia or postoperatively (only 4 cases), had the potential to prevent postoperative shivering (OR = 0.21, 95% CI, 0.16, 0.29). Compared with the placebo, parecoxib sodium significantly lowered the incidence of postoperative shivering as follows: mild shivering [OR = 0.51, 95% CI (0.35, 0.74)]; moderate shivering [OR = 0.28, 95% CI (0.18, 0.45)]; severe shivering [OR = 0.18, 95% CI (0.10, 0.33)]. Compared with placebo, there was no significant association of parecoxib sodium with restlessness [OR = 0.95, 95% CI (0.59, 1.52)] or nausea/vomiting [OR = 0.24, 95% CI (0.09, 0.66)]. In addition, pethidine rescue was used significantly more often in the control group than in the parecoxib sodium group [OR = 0.22, 95% CI (0.09, 0.53)]. Conclusions Parecoxib sodium may be an effective strategy for preventing postoperative shivering.

scholarly journals Measures of association: an overview with examples from Canadian emergency medicine research

CJEM ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (03) ◽  
pp. 219-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Worster ◽  
Brian H. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Relative Risk Reduction ◽  
Number Needed To Treat ◽  
Measures Of Association ◽  
Straightforward Manner ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Strength Of Association

ABSTRACT The authors of studies often report their results using abbreviated terms such as RR, OR, ARR, RRR and NNT. These terms are quantities that express the strength of association between the dependent and independent variables and are collectively referred to as measures of association. The similarity between these measures and the multiple terms by which each is referred can be confusing. The purpose of this article is to explain in a straightforward manner the purpose, derivation, and limitations of some of the more commonly used categorical measures of association, including relative risk, odds ratio, absolute and relative risk reduction and number needed to treat, using results from recent emergency medicine studies published by Canadian researchers.

Residential Proximity to Large Numbers of Swine in Feeding Operations Is Associated with Increased Risk of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization at Time of Hospital Admission in Rural Iowa Veterans

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Carrel ◽  
Marin L. Schweizer ◽  
Mary Vaughan Sarrazin ◽  
Tara C. Smith ◽  
Eli N. Perencevich
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Residential Proximity ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Mrsa Colonization

Among 1,036 patients, residential proximity within 1 mile of large swine facilities was associated with nearly double the risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization at admission (relative risk, 1.8786 [95% confidence interval, 1.0928-3.2289]; P = .0239) and, after controlling for multiple admissions and age, was associated with 1.2nearly triple the odds of MRSA colonization (odds ratio, 2.76 [95% confidence interval, 1.2728-5.9875]; P = .0101).

scholarly journals Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and risk of future sickness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joakim Dillner ◽  
Miriam Elfström ◽  
Jonas Blomqvist ◽  
Carina Eklund ◽  
Camilla Lagheden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Sick Leave ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Excess Risk ◽  
Trial Registration ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Viral Antibodies ◽  
Hospital Employees ◽  
The Past

Background: The extent that antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 may protect against future virus-associated disease is unknown. Method: We analyzed 12928 healthy hospital employees for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and compared results to participant sick leave records (Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04411576). Results: Subjects with viral serum antibodies were not at excess risk for future sick leave (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.85 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) (0.85 (0.43-1.68)). By contrast, subjects with antibodies had an excess risk for sick leave in the past weeks (OR: 3.34 (2.98-3.74)). Conclusion: Presence of viral antibodies marks past disease and protection against excess risk of future disease.

scholarly journals Measures of association in epidemiological studies: smoking mothers and low birth weight children in the city of Campina Grande – PB

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Tarsyla Medeiros de Albuquerque ◽  
Gabriela Albuquerque Batista de Araujo ◽  
Bruno Leão Caminha ◽  
Marta Lucia de Albuquerque ◽  
Mácio Augusto de Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Measures Of Association ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Live Births ◽  
The City

The aim of this study was to present and describe the essential aspects, and to discuss the use of measures of association, relative risk and odds ratio, including formulas for calculating confidence intervals of obtained data from a cohort study of underweight live births of mothers who smoked during pregnancy, whose deliveries were performed in hospitals and maternity wards located in Campina Grande, state Pernambuco. Smoking during pregnancy was analyzed as a potential risk factor for low birth weight among 3612 newborns. In assessing the association of outcome, there were no large numeric differences between the estimates of the relative risk, odds ratios and confidence intervals obtained. It is an acceptable approximation to the relative risk and the odds ratio. It is up to the researcher to choose the most appropriate technique to its subject matter and should be determined according to the surveyed data.  

Using Food Timing as an Intervention to Improve Medication Compliance

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-31
Author(s):  
Saibal Kumar Saha ◽  
Anindita Adhikary ◽  
Ajeya Jha ◽  
Vijay K. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Medication Compliance ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Probability Estimates ◽  
Medication Dose ◽  
Scheduled Time

Medication non-compliance is common among patients suffering from chronic disease. The research aims to find the effectiveness of food timing as a form of intervention to improve medication compliance. 509 patients were interviewed who were under the medication and had their treatment from Central Referral Hospital, Sikkim. The technique of probability estimates, risk difference, relative risk, and odds ratios were used to do the analysis and predictions of medication compliance when food timing was used as a form of reminder. Analysis of confidence interval at 95% ensured that the results obtained were due to the use of reminder and not by chance. The study reveals that with the help of food timing as a form of reminder, a patient has 50.2% lower odds of deferring from the scheduled time of medicine. There are 129.2% greater odds of completing the course of medication, 41.4% lower odds of missing the medication consciously, and there are 56.6% lower odds of missing the medication dose. The probability numbers indicate the effectiveness of usage of this form of reminder.

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