scholarly journals The Most Common Lesions Detected by Neuroimaging as Causes of Epilepsy

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Bożena Adamczyk ◽  
Karolina Węgrzyn ◽  
Tomasz Wilczyński ◽  
Justyna Maciarz ◽  
Natalia Morawiec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Focal Cortical Dysplasia ◽  
Vascular Malformations ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Hippocampal Sclerosis ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Fibre Tract ◽  
Positron Emission

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by chronic, unprovoked and recurrent seizures, which are the result of rapid and excessive bioelectric discharges in nerve cells. Neuroimaging is used to detect underlying structural abnormalities which may be associated with epilepsy. This paper reviews the most common abnormalities, such as hippocampal sclerosis, malformations of cortical development and vascular malformation, detected by neuroimaging in patients with epilepsy to help understand the correlation between these changes and the course, treatment and prognosis of epilepsy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals structural changes in the brain which are described in this review. Recent studies indicate the usefulness of additional imaging techniques. The use of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) improves surgical outcomes in MRI-negative cases of focal cortical dysplasia. Some techniques, such as quantitative image analysis, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), functional MRI (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and fibre tract reconstruction, can detect small malformations—which means that some of the epilepsies can be treated surgically. Quantitative susceptibility mapping may become the method of choice in vascular malformations. Neuroimaging determines appropriate diagnosis and treatment and helps to predict prognosis.

Other magnetic resonance imaging techniques

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (S2) ◽  
pp. S50-S57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus P. Ebmeier ◽  
Nicola Filippini ◽  
Verena Heise ◽  
Claire E. Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Great Sensitivity ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Specific Chemical

ABSTRACTRelatively new developments in MRI, such as functional MRI (fMRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are rapidly developing into imaging modalities that will become clinically available in the near future. They have in common that their signal is somewhat easier to interpret than structural MRI: fMRI mirrors excess cerebral blood flow, in many cases representing brain activity, MRS gives the average volume concentrations of specific chemical compounds, and DTI reflects “directedness” of micro-anatomical structures, of particular use in white matter where fiber bundle disruption can be detected with great sensitivity. While structural changes in MRI have been disappointing in giving a diagnosis of sufficient sensitivity and specificity, these newer methods hold out hope for elucidating pathological changes and differentiating patient groups more rigorously. This paper summarizes promising research results that will yet have to be translated into real life clinical studies in larger groups of patients (e.g. memory clinic patients). Where available, we have tried to summarize results comparing different types of dementia.

scholarly journals In vivo imaging techniques: a new era for histochemical analysis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Busato ◽  
P. Fumene Feruglio ◽  
P.P. Parnigotto ◽  
P. Marzola ◽  
A. Sbarbati
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
In Vivo Imaging ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Tissue Contrast ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

In vivo imaging techniques can be integrated with classical histochemistry to create an actual histochemistry of water. In particular, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), an imaging technique primarily used as diagnostic tool in clinical/preclinical research, has excellent anatomical resolution, unlimited penetration depth and intrinsic soft tissue contrast. Thanks to the technological development, MRI is not only capable to provide morphological information but also and more interestingly functional, biophysical and molecular. In this paper we describe the main features of several advanced imaging techniques, such as MRI microscopy, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, functional MRI, Diffusion Tensor Imaging and MRI with contrast agent as a useful support to classical histochemistry.

scholarly journals Radiation Necrosis, Pseudoprogression, Pseudoresponse, and Tumor Recurrence: Imaging Challenges for the Evaluation of Treated Gliomas

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Zikou ◽  
Chrissa Sioka ◽  
George A. Alexiou ◽  
Andreas Fotopoulos ◽  
Spyridon Voulgaris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Tumor Recurrence ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Radiation Necrosis ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Antiangiogenic Therapy ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Dynamic Susceptibility ◽  
Dynamic Contrast Enhancement ◽  
Dismal Prognosis

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant type of brain neoplasm in adults and carries a dismal prognosis. The current standard of care for GBM is surgical excision followed by radiation therapy (RT) with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide-based chemotherapy (TMZ) by six additional cycles. In addition, antiangiogenic therapy with an antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agent has been used for recurrent glioblastoma. Over the last years, new posttreatment entities such as pseudoprogression and pseudoresponse have been recognized, apart from radiation necrosis. This review article focuses on the role of different imaging techniques such as conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE-MRI) and dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSE-MRI) perfusion, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and PET/SPECT in differentiation of such treatment-related changes from tumor recurrence.

scholarly journals Role of Magnetic Resonance in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. MRI.S973 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Huda ◽  
R.K. Gupta ◽  
N. Rajakumar ◽  
M.A. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission

A spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities caused by portosystemic venous shunting occurs in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) patients with or without liver dysfunction. It is not completely clear how the astrocyte swelling leads to glial-neuronal dysfunction, and how the symptoms are manifested in HE. A major goal of this work is to review the current status of information available from the existing magnetic resonance (MR) modalities including MR imaging (MRI) and MR Spectroscopy (MRS) as well as other modalities in the understanding the pathogenesis of HE. First, we discuss briefly neuron-histopathology, neurotoxins, neuropsychological and neurophysiological tests. A short review on the progress with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) is then presented. In the remaining part of the manuscript, the following topics pertinent to understanding the pathogenesis of HE are discussed: MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), one-dimensional MRS based single- and multi-voxel based spectroscopic imaging techniques and two-dimensional MRS.

Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma: Review of Standard Imaging Evaluation and Typical Findings

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 039-055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Rolfes ◽  
Julie Guerin ◽  
Justin Brucker ◽  
Peter Kalina
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Abusive Head Trauma ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Imaging Evaluation

AbstractEvaluation of abusive head trauma (AHT) in children is an ongoing diagnostic challenge, as there are currently no standard criteria or objective tests for differentiating AHT from accidental trauma. The use of neuroradiologic imaging has an increasingly important role in identifying AHT and often involves a combination of skull radiographs, computerized tomography (CT), and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion-weighted imaging, susceptibility-weighted imaging, and occasionally magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Development of more advanced imaging techniques includes diffusion tensor imaging and arterial spin labeling. MRI may provide insight into different mechanisms of injury and long-term impacts of AHT. A better understanding of the available imaging modalities, typical findings, and their respective contribution to an accurate diagnosis can help guide physicians, other health care providers, as well as law enforcement in the evaluation of children with suspected AHT.

The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: Converging neuroimaging evidence

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rex E. Jung ◽  
Richard J. Haier
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Imaging Research

Abstract“Is there a biology of intelligence which is characteristic of the normal human nervous system?” Here we review 37 modern neuroimaging studies in an attempt to address this question posed by Halstead (1947) as he and other icons of the last century endeavored to understand how brain and behavior are linked through the expression of intelligence and reason. Reviewing studies from functional (i.e., functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography) and structural (i.e., magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, voxel-based morphometry) neuroimaging paradigms, we report a striking consensus suggesting that variations in a distributed network predict individual differences found on intelligence and reasoning tasks. We describe this network as theParieto-Frontal Integration Theory(P-FIT). The P-FIT model includes, by Brodmann areas (BAs): the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BAs 6, 9, 10, 45, 46, 47), the inferior (BAs 39, 40) and superior (BA 7) parietal lobule, the anterior cingulate (BA 32), and regions within the temporal (BAs 21, 37) and occipital (BAs 18, 19) lobes. White matter regions (i.e., arcuate fasciculus) are also implicated. The P-FIT is examined in light of findings from human lesion studies, including missile wounds, frontal lobotomy/leukotomy, temporal lobectomy, and lesions resulting in damage to the language network (e.g., aphasia), as well as findings from imaging research identifying brain regions under significant genetic control. Overall, we conclude that modern neuroimaging techniques are beginning to articulate a biology of intelligence. We propose that the P-FIT provides a parsimonious account for many of the empirical observations, to date, which relate individual differences in intelligence test scores to variations in brain structure and function. Moreover, the model provides a framework for testing new hypotheses in future experimental designs.

Imaging in neurological diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 5802-5817
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Molyneux ◽  
Shelley Renowden ◽  
Marcus Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Technological Evolution ◽  
Resonance Imaging

The modern imaging techniques of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the demonstration of structural neurological disease have developed rapidly since their first introduction in the 1970s and 1980s, respectively. They have undergone further technological evolution, particularly in the last 10 years, and continue to do so. A variety of both computed tomography- and magnetic resonance imaging-based techniques can provide anatomical, angiographic, and functional information. In addition, biochemical data may be obtained using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and microstructural information can be obtained using diffusion tensor imaging. The choice between computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging depends on several factors. This chapter explains the various applications of both techniques and the situations that can call for either, or both.

Imaging in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie I.W. van de Stadt ◽  
Irene C. Huffnagel ◽  
Bela R. Turk ◽  
Marjo S. van der Knaap ◽  
Marc Engelen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Quantitative Mri ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Cerebral Lesions ◽  
Peroxisomal Disorders ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Male Patients

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for the detection of cerebral lesions in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). ALD is one of the most common peroxisomal disorders and is characterized by a defect in degradation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), resulting in accumulation of VLCFA in plasma and tissues. The clinical spectrum of ALD is wide and includes adrenocortical insufficiency, a slowly progressive myelopathy in adulthood, and cerebral demyelination in a subset of male patients. Cerebral demyelination (cerebral ALD) can be treated with hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) but only in an early (pre- or early symptomatic) stage and therefore active MRI surveillance is recommended for male patients, both pediatric and adult. Although structural MRI of the brain can detect the presence and extent of cerebral lesions, it does not predict if and when cerebral demyelination will occur. There is a great need for imaging techniques that predict onset of cerebral ALD before lesions appear. Also, imaging markers for severity of myelopathy as surrogate outcome measure in clinical trials would facilitate drug development. New quantitative MRI techniques are promising in that respect. This review focuses on structural and quantitative imaging techniques—including magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, MR perfusion imaging, magnetization transfer (MT) imaging, neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), and myelin water fraction imaging—used in ALD and their role in clinical practice and research opportunities for the future.

The Role of Neuroimaging in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Depressive Disorder: A Recent Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (22) ◽  
pp. 2515-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianbin Song ◽  
Xiaowei Han ◽  
Lei Du ◽  
Jing Che ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy

Depression is a mental disorder with serious negative health outcomes. Its main clinical manifestations are depressed mood, slow thinking, loss of interest, and lack of energy. The rising incidence of depression has a major impact on patients and their families and imposes a substantial burden on society. With the rapid development of imaging technology in recent years, researchers have studied depression from different perspectives, including molecular, functional, and structural imaging. Many studies have revealed changes in structure, function, and metabolism in various brain regions in patients with depressive disorder. In this review, we summarize relevant studies of depression, including investigations using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (task-state fMRI and resting-state fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), brain network and molecular imaging (positron emission tomography [PET] and single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]), which have contributed to our understanding of the etiology, neuropathology, and pathogenesis of depressive disorder.

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