Environmental Behavior of Low Carbon Steel Produced by a Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Process

: Current additive manufacturing (AM) processes are mainly focused on powder bed technologies, such as electron beam melting (EBM) and selective laser melting (SLM). However, the main disadvantages of such techniques are related to the high cost of metal powder, the degree of energy consumption, and the sizes of the components, that are limited by the size of the printing cell. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the environmental behavior of low carbon steel (ER70S-6) produced by a relatively inexpensive AM process using wire feed arc welding. The mechanical properties were examined by tension testing and hardness measurements, while microstructure was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. General corrosion performance was evaluated by salt spray testing, immersion testing, potentiodynamic polarization analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Stress corrosion performance was characterized in terms of slow strain rate testing (SSRT). All corrosion tests were carried out in 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature. The results indicated that the general corrosion resistance of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) samples were quite similar to those of the counterpart ST-37 steel and the stress corrosion resistance of both alloys was adequate. Altogether, it was clearly evident that the WAAM process did not encounter any deterioration in corrosion performance compared to its conventional wrought alloy counterpart.

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EFFECTS OF WELDING CURRENT ON THE SHAPE AND MICROSTRUCTURE FORMATION OF THIN-WALLED LOW-CARBON PARTS BUILT BY WIRE ARC ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.15625/2525-2518/58/4/14702 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 461

Author(s):

Van Thao Le ◽

Quang Huy Hoang ◽

Van Chau Tran ◽

Dinh Si Mai ◽

Duc Manh Dinh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Welding Current ◽

Welding Parameters ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Microstructure Formation ◽

Thin Walled ◽

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is nowadays gaining much attention from both the academic and industrial sectors for the manufacture of medium and large dimension metal parts because of its high deposition rate and low costs of equipment investment. In the literature, WAAM has been extensively investigated in terms of the shape and dimension accuracy of built parts. However, limited research has focused on the effects of welding parameters on the microstructural characteristics of parts manufactured by this process. In this paper, the effects of welding current in the WAAM process on the shape and the microstructure formation of built thin-walled low-carbon steel components were studied. For this purpose, the thin-walled low-carbon steel samples were built layer-by-layer on the substrates by using an industrial gas metal arc welding robot with different levels of welding current. The shape, microstructures and mechanical properties of built samples were then analyzed. The obtained results show that the welding current plays an important role in the shape stability, but does not significantly influence on the microstructure formation of built thin-walled samples. The increase of the welding current only leads to coarser grain size and resulting in decreasing the hardness of built materials in each zone of the built sample. The mechanical properties (hardness and tensile properties) of the WAAM-built thin-walled low-carbon steel parts are also comparable to those of wrought low-carbon steel, and to be adequate with real applications.

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Fabrication of bimetallic additively manufactured structure (BAMS) of low carbon steel and 316L austenitic stainless steel with wire + arc additive manufacturing

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-09-2018-0235 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 519-530 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Md. Rumman Ul Ahsan ◽

Ali Newaz Mohammad Tanvir ◽

Taylor Ross ◽

Ahmed Elsawy ◽

Min-Suk Oh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Hardness Profile ◽

Sudden Increase ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Content Type ◽

Multiple Materials ◽

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Purpose Wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) uses existing welding technology to make a part from metal deposited in an almost net shape. WAAM is flexible in that it can use multiple materials successively or simultaneously during the manufacturing of a single component. Design/methodology/approach In this work, a gas metal arc welding (GMAW) based wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) system has been developed to use two material successively and fabricate bimetallic additively manufactured structure (BAMS) of low carbon steel and AISI 316L stainless steel (SS). Findings The interface shows two distinctive zones of LCS and SS deposits without any weld defects. The hardness profile shows a sudden increase of hardness at the interface, which is attributed to the migration of chromium from the SS. The tensile test results show that the bimetallic specimens failed at the LCS side, as LCS has lower strength of the materials used. Originality/value The microstructural features and mechanical properties are studied in-depth with special emphasis on the bimetallic interface.

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Wire arc additive manufacturing of thin-wall low-carbon steel parts: Microstructure and mechanical properties

International Journal of Modern Physics B ◽

10.1142/s0217979220401542 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (22n24) ◽

pp. 2040154

Author(s):

Van Thao Le ◽

Tien Long Banh ◽

Duc Toan Nguyen ◽

Van Tao Le

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Heat Input ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Production Costs ◽

High Deposition Rate ◽

Thin Wall ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has received much attention for manufacturing metal parts with medium and large dimensions because of its high deposition rate and low production costs. In this study, the effects of the heat input on the microstructure formation of thin-wall low-carbon steel parts built by a WAAM process were addressed. The mechanical properties of built materials were also studied. The results indicate that the heat input significantly influences on the shape of built thin walls, but has slight effects on the microstructure evolution of built materials. The WAAM thin-wall low-carbon steel presents suitable microstructures and good tensile strengths (YS: 320 – 362 MPa, UTS: 429 – 479 MPa) that are adequate with industrial applications.

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Structure of a 3D frame-bridge NiTi sample deposited on a low carbon steel substrate by wire arc additive manufacturing

Letters on Materials ◽

10.22226/2410-3535-2020-4-496-500 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 496-500

Author(s):

Natalia Resnina ◽

I.A. Palani ◽

Pavel Liulchak ◽

Sergey Belyaev ◽

S.S. Mani Prabu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Steel Substrate ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

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Development of near homogeneous properties in wire arc additive manufacturing process for near-net shaped structural component of low-carbon steel

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science ◽

10.1177/09544062211045489 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095440622110454

Author(s):

Amrit Raj Paul ◽

Manidipto Mukherjee ◽

Manivannan Raja ◽

Soumyajit Kundu ◽

Avik Chatterjee

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Time Delay ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Structural Component ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Tensile Behaviour ◽

Void Coalescence ◽

Hardness Profile ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Low-carbon steel is a common structural material, but additively manufactured structural component of this material is rare due to its inhomogeneous properties. In this article, the wire arc additive manufacturing method was used to achieve near homogeneous properties of a low-carbon steel structural component. The process heat input was optimised for the desired layer geometry, and then the optimal energy was applied with a time delay to deposit individual layers. The time delay was used to achieve cyclic heating and cooling treatment of deposited layers. The best possible robotic tool path movement with multi point arcing was further adopted in the study to achieve proper thermal distribution across the structural component. The microstructure of layers was dominated by quasi-polygonal ferrite morphology and pearlite precipitation, with little variation in quantity across the component. The hardness profile was almost consistent with the average hardness of ∼176.92 HV. The proof stress slightly increases with decrease in grain size and increase in ferrite/pearlite ratio, however, the overall tensile behaviour is homogeneous with average σ0.2, σu and ε% values of 427.78 MPa, 527.89 MPa and 22.31%, respectively. The quasi-ductile fracture was generally occurred due to void coalescence around larger inclusions. The overall analysis showed that more than 90% of homogeneity was achieved in microstructural and mechanical behaviour of the deposited component.

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CRACKING CORROSION OF LOW CARBON STEEL IN ENVIRONMENT WITH A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF CO2 AND H2S

Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.15625/2525-2518/55/5b/12228 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 55 (5B) ◽

pp. 210

Author(s):

Nguyen Thi Le Hien

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Stress Corrosion ◽

Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Corrosion Cracking ◽

Test Method ◽

General Corrosion ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Hydrogen Induced Cracking ◽

Sulfide Stress

Cracking corrosion of API 5CT Grade L80 Type 1 low carbon steel has been studied in a in brine solutions with H2S 12.3 psia and CO2 9.4 psia. Testing was performed according to the methodology reference from the NACE TM0177, Bent-beam test method in solution B for stress corrosion cracking and sulfide stress corrosion cracking test and NACE TM0284, immersion test method in solution A for Hydrogen induced cracking test.The obtained results showed pitting and general corrosion at both temperatures of 24 oC and 82 oC. In case of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) testing at 82 °C, microscopy of the samples tested for 30 days developed pitting corrosion in the surface and cracking starting in the surface of the samples. The cracks, mostly found in the middle of the samples where the maximum bending occurred. General corrosion was also observed in the samples, with significant decrease in the dimensions of the samples after testing (due to general corrosion). However, in case of sulfide stress corrosion (SSC) and hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) tests at room temperature (24-25 oC), no cracking was observed on the sample.

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B&W IRON

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.fe0035 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 17 (8) ◽

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Magnetic Permeability ◽

Electric Motor ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Magnetic Characteristics ◽

Low Carbon ◽

High Magnetic Permeability

Abstract B and W IRON is a thoroughly killed, low carbon steel having a combination of ductility, toughness and high magnetic permeability. It is recommended for applications where good magnetic characteristics are of primary significance, such as in the manufacture of electric motor and generator housings. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Fe-35. Producer or source: Babcock & Wilcox Company.

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SAE 1020

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.cs0113 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Fracture Toughness ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Steel Mills ◽

Temperature Performance ◽

Wide Range ◽

Cold Worked

Abstract SAE 1020 is a low-carbon steel combining good machinability, workability and weldability. It is carburized for use in case-hardened components and it is used for a wide range of applications in the hot-worked, cold-worked, normalized or quenched-and-tempered conditions. Its many uses include bolts, rods, plate applications, machinery components, case-hardened parts, spinning tools and trimming dies. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on low temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CS-113. Producer or source: Carbon steel mills.

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WEIRKOTE PLUS

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.zn0041 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Aluminum Alloy ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Deep Drawing ◽

Sheet Steel ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Steel Corp ◽

Coated Sheet

Abstract WEIRKOTE PLUS is a Galfan-coated sheet steel. The sheet is conventional low-carbon steel normally used for galvanized sheets and strip. This digest will concentrate on the characteristics and properties of the Galfan coating which is nominally a 95% zinc-5% aluminum alloy. The coating on Weirkote Plus is ideal for a variety of tough applications. It is excellent for products that require deep drawing and it combines extra corrosion resistance with superior formability. This datasheet provides information on composition and physical properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Zn-41. Producer or source: Weirton Steel Corp.

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