scholarly journals Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Virulence: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2623
Author(s):  
Judah Ssekitoleko ◽  
Lonzy Ojok ◽  
Ahmed Abd El Wahed ◽  
Joseph Erume ◽  
Ahmad Amanzada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Host Defense System ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis

To propose a solution for control of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections in animals as well as in humans, and develop effective prevention, diagnostic and treatment strategies, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms of MAP pathogenesis. In the present review, we discuss the mechanisms utilised by MAP to overcome the host defense system to achieve the virulence status. Putative MAP virulence genes are mentioned and their probable roles in view of other mycobacteria are discussed. This review provides information on MAP strain diversity, putative MAP virulence factors and highlights the knowledge gaps regarding MAP virulence mechanisms that may be important in control and prevention of paratuberculosis.

scholarly journals PSVIII-15 Genome wide DNA methylation analysis reveals role of DNA methylation in cow’s ileal response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu ◽  
Suraj Bhattarai ◽  
Pier-Luc Dedemaine ◽  
Mengqi Wang ◽  
Stephanie D McKay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Intergenic Regions ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Several investigations on disease progression of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in dairy cows have revealed molecular mechanisms including genes and pathways implicated in MAP pathogenesis. Epigenetic processes including DNA methylation are known to regulate the expression of genes and many biological processes. However, limited studies have examined the role of DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of Johne’s disease (JD). This study examined the impact of subclinical MAP infection on DNA methylation profile in the ileum of cows, the site of initial interaction between MAP and host. DNA from ileum tissues from five cows positive for MAP (direct fecal qPCR and blood ELISA test; MAP+/+) and 5 cows negative for MAP (MAP-/-) were subjected to whole genome bisulfite sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. 2000 differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs; FDR< 0.05) and 205 differentially methylated regions (DMRs; P < 0.01) were detected. Majority of DMCs and DMRs are located in intergenic regions (87.2% and 57.1%) followed by intronic regions (12.8% and 30.7%) of genes, respectively. Some DMCs are located on 250 genes including genes that were previously identified to be associated with JD (e.g. IL-12RB2, CD38). Interestingly, CD38, known to play roles in the effective containment of mycobacteria within granulomata in cows and genetic polymorphisms in IL-12RB2 are associated with JD and human Crohn’s disease. Also, several genes of the solute carrier family including SLC13A3, SLC15A1, SLC17A7, SLC25A21, SLC25A38 and SLC9A9 harbored DMCs. Some members of this gene family participate in pathogen clearance and have associations with JD. Our data suggest that DNA methylation changes may have regulatory roles in host (ileum) response to MAP infection. Our data therefore suggest that DNA methylation changes contribute to the regulation of host response to MAP pathogenesis and may be one of the mechanisms that MAP uses to subvert host immune responses for its survival.

scholarly journals Isolation of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis in the Feces and Tissue of Small Ruminants Using a Non-Automated Liquid Culture Method

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Luigi De Grossi ◽  
Davide Santori ◽  
Antonino Barone ◽  
Silvia Abbruzzese ◽  
Matteo Ricchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp ◽  
Type I ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis

Paratuberculosis is a chronic disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP). Since isolation of MAP type I (S) is rarely reported in Italy, our research was aimed at isolating, by an inexpensive liquid culture manual method, this type of MAP isolates. At first, we used an ELISA to point out to serologically positive samples from five flocks. Secondly, we used a fecal direct IS900-qPCR on the ELISA positive samples, in order to detect shedder animals. Feces from IS900-qPCR positive samples were inoculated in solid and liquid culture media. IS900-qPCR was further used to test the growth of MAP isolates in liquid medium, which were further confirmed by f57-qPCR and submitted to typing by specific PCR in order to identify the MAP type. Twenty-eight samples (24 fecal and four tissutal samples) were processed by culture methods, resulting in the isolation of six type I MAP field isolates. Notably, no isolates were recovered by solid media, underlining the utility of this liquid method. Few data about this type of MAP are currently available in Italy, and further analyses should be carried out in order to study the origin and epidemiology of type I strains circulating in Italy.

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