scholarly journals Provenance and Tectonic Setting of Lower Cretaceous Huanhe Formation Sandstones, Northwest Ordos Basin, North-Central China

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1376
Author(s):  
Xiaoneng Luo ◽  
Ziying Li ◽  
Yuqi Cai ◽  
Chao Yi ◽  
Zilong Zhang ◽  
...  

In adjustment to fulfill the requirements of the investigation regarding the lower Cretaceous sandstone uranium deposit in the Naogaodai area within the northwest of Ordos Basin, twenty-seven sandstone samples obtained from the Lower Cretaceous Huanhe Formation were analyzed for major, trace and rare earth elements (REE). The source of clastic and tectonic background was additionally analyzed. The results show that Huanhe sandstone is feldspar rich sandstone, and also the mineral composition is principally quartz, albite and plagioclase; the ratio of light to heavy rare earth elements (LREE/HREE) is 9.25–10.83, with an average value of 10.00; (La/Yb)CN is 10.20–12.53, with an average value of 11.24, demonstrating that LREE is enriched and fractionated compared with HREE. REE distribution patterns are similar, which additionally reveals that Huanhe sandstone has a homogenous source; the Index of Compositional Variability (ICV) value is 1.17–1.73, with an average value of 1.35, both greater than 1, showing an immature property, which may be first-order cycle deposition. The average value of the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) is 50.29, suggesting that the source rock has encountered weak chemical weathering; sandstones are near-source first-cycle provenance, which is not significantly influenced by sedimentary sorting and recycling. The geochemical qualities further indicate that Huanhe sandstone was deposited in a passive margin and experienced moderate weathering.

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (6) ◽  
pp. 1263-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIAO-FEI QIU ◽  
XIAO-MING ZHAO ◽  
HONG-MEI YANG ◽  
SHAN-SONG LU ◽  
NIAN-WEN WU ◽  
...  

AbstractPalaeoproterozic metasedimentary rocks, also referred to as khondalites, characterized by Al-rich minerals, are extensively exposed in the nucleus of the Yangtze craton, South China block. Samples of garnet–sillimanite gneiss in the khondalite suite were collected from the Kongling complex for Nd isotopic and elemental geochemical study. These rocks are characterized by variable SiO2 contents ranging from 35.71 to 58.07 wt%, and have low CaO (0.45–0.84 wt%) but high Al2O3 (18.56–29.04 wt%), Cr (174–334 ppm) and Ni (42.5–153 ppm) contents. They have high CIW (Chemical Index of Weathering) values (90.4–94.7), indicating intense chemical weathering of the source material. The samples display light rare earth elements (LREE) enrichment with negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.40–0.68), and have flat heavy rare earth elements (HREE) patterns. The high contents of transition elements (e.g. Cr, Ni, Sc, V) and moderately radiogenic Nd isotopic compositions suggest that the paragneisses might be those of first-cycle erosion products of predominantly mafic rocks mixing with small amounts of felsic moderately evolved Archaean crustal source. Geochemical and Nd isotopic compositions reveal that at least some of the protoliths of Kongling khondalite were sourced from local pre-existing mafic igneous rocks in a continental arc tectonic setting. Combined with documented zircon U–Pb geochronological data, we propose that the Palaeoproterozoic high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism, rapid weathering, erosion and deposition of the khondalites in the interior of the Yangtze craton might be related to a Palaeoproterozoic collisional orogenic event during 2.1–1.9 Ga, consistent with the worldwide contemporary orogeny, implying that the Yangtze craton may have been an important component of the Palaeoprotorozoic Columbia supercontinent.


2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Temidayo Bolarinwa ◽  
Adebimpe Atinuke Adepoju

Trace and Rare Earth Elements (REEs) data are used to constrain the geochemical evolution of the amphibolites from Ifewara in the Ife-Ilesha schist belt of southwestern Nigeria. The amphibolites can be grouped into banded and sheared amphibolites. Major element data show SiO2 (48.34%), Fe2O3 (11.03-17.88%), MgO (5.76-9.90%), CaO (7.76-18.6%) and TiO2 (0.44-1.77%) contents which are similar to amphibolites in other schist belts in Nigeria. The Al2O3 (2.85-15.55%) content is varied, with the higher values suggesting alkali basalt protolith. Trace and rare earth elements composition reveal Sr (160-1077ppm), Rb (0.5-22.9ppm), Ni (4.7-10.2ppm), Co (12.2-50.9 ppm) and Cr (2-7ppm). Chondrite-normalized REE patterns show that the banded amphibolites have HREE depletion and both negative and positive Eu anomalies while the sheared variety showed slight LREE enrichment with no apparent Eu anomaly. The study amphibolites plot in the Mid Oceanic Ridge Basalts (MORB) and within plate basalt fields on the Zr/Y vs Zr discriminatory diagrams. They are further classified as volcanic arc basalt and E-type MORB on the Th- Hf/3- Ta and the Zr-Nb-Y diagrams. The amphibolites precursor is considered a tholeiitic suite that suffered crustal contamination, during emplacement in a rifted crust.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-145
Author(s):  
Vincent Laurent Onana ◽  
Estelle Ndome Effoudou ◽  
Sylvia Desirée Noa Tang ◽  
Véronique Kamgang Kabeyene ◽  
Georges Emmanuel Ekodeck

RésuméUn profil d’altération développé sur chloritoschistes de la zone de Bengbis (Sud Cameroun) a été choisi pour quantifier l’intensité de l’altération et comprendre le comportement des terres rares. Les valeurs de l’indice d’altération mafique combinées aux diagrammes ternaires du système Al – Fe – Mg – Ca – Na – K montrent que l’hydrolyse des feldspaths est proportionnelle à celle des minéraux mafiques (pertes en Mg), bien que l’hydrolyse des plagioclases (Ca, Na) soit plus intense que celle des minéraux ferromagnésiens. Les matériaux d’altération étudiés sont localisés dans le domaine de la kaolinitisation, à l’exception des matériaux nodulaires qui sont légèrement latritiss. La modification du comportement du Mg dans le milieu d’altération s’exprime par les faibles valeurs du rapport Ca/Mg. Le potassium et Be sont lessivés dans le sol en association avec Mg. L’ordre de mobilité des éléments dans l’environnement d’altération étudié est : Ca ≈ Na > Fe2+ ≈ Sr > Mg ≈ Co > Mn > Li > Ba > Rb > P > Cd > Ni > Si > Be > K > Sn. Les enrichissements en K, Cs et Be dans les saprolites sont liés à la présence d’illite. L’accumulation en Cs dans le sol est due à la présence de kaolinite. Le système le plus stable dans le milieu d’altération étudié est : Hf – Nb – W – U. Les saprolites, les matériaux nodulaires et les matériaux argileux meubles superficiels sont appauvris en terres rares par rapport à la roche mère. Les terres rares présentent trois types de comportement le long du profil d’altération, comme l’indiquent les valeurs du rapport (La/Yb)N ((La/Yb)N < 1, (La/Yb)N ~ 1 et (La/Yb)N > 1). Les terres rares légères et les terres rares moyennes s’accumulent dans les matériaux d’altération pour des valeurs de pH comprises entre 5,5 et 5,6 et pour celles de Eh variant entre +60 et +70mV. L’ordre de mobilité de ces éléments dans ces matériaux est le suivant : terres rares moyennes > terres rares lourdes terres rares légères. Ce fait est contre-intuitif, car les terres lourdes sont plus mobiles dans les environnemenst supergènes que les terres rares légères. L’adsorption ou la co-précipitation de ces terres rares sur les oxydes de fer peut principalement contrôler la concentration de ces éléments dans le profil d’altération. Les faibles anomalies en Ce dans les matériaux d’altération de la zone de Bengbis, dues au changement de Ce3+ en Ce4+, sont probablement dues à la présence de faibles quantités de rhabdophane. Les matériaux d’altération étudiés présentent un fractionnement en Gd (Gd/Gd* ~0.70 – 0.84) dues à une intense lixiviation. Ce fait a rarement été signalé dans un environnement d’altération latéritique. Il semble qu’une partie de la distribution et de la remobilisation du gadolinium soit contrôlée par des minéraux mafiques dans les matériaux d’altération étudiés. La distribution et la mobilisation des terres rares sont donc contrôlées par (1) l’adsorption ou la coprécipitation dans les minéraux mafiques et Fe, (2) et légèrement par les minéraux contenant des terres rares tels que le rhabdophane, rencontrés dans les matériaux d’altération étudiés. Abstract An in situ weathering profile overlying chlorite schists in southern Cameroon was chosen to quantify chemical weathering intensity and to study the behaviour of rare earth elements (REE). Mafic index alteration values combined with the ternary diagrams of the Al – Fe – Mg – Ca – Na – K system show that the hydrolysis of feldspars is proportional to that of mafic minerals (losses in Mg), although the hydrolysis of the plagioclases (Ca, Na) is more intense than that of ferromagnesian minerals. The studied materials are localised in the domain of kaolinitisation, except for nodular materials which are slightly lateritised. The change in the behaviour of Mg in the weathering environment is expressed by the low values in Ca/Mg ratio. Potassium and Be are leached in the soil in association with Mg. The order of mobility of the elements in the weathering environment is: Ca ≈  Na > Fe2+ ≈ Sr > Mg ≈ Co > Mn > Li > Ba > Rb > P > Cd > Ni > Si > Be > K > Sn. The enrichments in K, Cs and Be in saprolites are linked to the presence of illite. Cesium accumulation in the soil is due to the presence of kaolinite. The most stable system is: Hf – Nb – W – U. Saprolites, nodular and loose clayey materials are depleted in REE relative to the parent rock. REE exhibit three types of behaviour along the Bengbis profile like indicated by (La/Yb)N ratio values ((La/Yb)N < 1, (La/Yb)N ~ 1 and (La/Yb)N > 1). Light REE and Middle REE accumulate in the weathering materials for pH values ranging between 5.5 and 5.6 and for those of Eh varying between +60 and +70mV. The order of mobility of REE in these horizons is: Middle REE > Heavy REE ≈ Light REE. This fact is counter-intuitive, because Heavy REE are more mobile in supergene environment than Light REE. Adsorption or co-precipitation of LREE onto Fe oxides mainly may control the concentration of these elements in the profile. Weak Ce anomalies in the weathering materials of Bengbis area, due to the change in Ce3+ to Ce4+, are probably due to the presence of low amounts in rhabdophane. The studied weathering materials show a fractionation in Gd (Gd/Gd* ~0.70 – 0.84) due to intense chemical leaching. This fact has been rarely reported in lateritic weathering environment. It appears that, a part of Gd distribution and remobilization is controlled by mafic minerals in the studied weathered materials. REE distribution and mobilization are thus controlled by (1) adsorption or co-precipitation in mafic and Fe minerals, (2) and slightly by REE-bearing minerals such as rhabdophane found in the studied weathering profile.  


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. T525-T545
Author(s):  
Yaxiong Sun ◽  
Wenlong Ding ◽  
Yang Gu ◽  
Gang Zhao ◽  
Siyu Shi ◽  
...  

Redbeds with a large thickness in the lower Cretaceous record abundant geologic information in the Minle Basin. We have conducted the paleoweathering conditions, provenance, and tectonic settings based on mineralogy and geochemistry. Our results indicate that mudstone samples are characterized by abundant illite with negligible amounts of K-feldspars and analcime. The lower part of the lower Cretaceous is rich in quartz, whereas the upper part is dominated by dolomite and analcime. We suggest that this is caused by the decreasing input of the clastic influx during the middle-late early Cretaceous. High index of compositional variation values (average 1.33) indicate first-cycle sediment supply, suggesting an overall compositional immaturity and short-distance transportation. These characteristics are consistent with an active regional extension tectonic setting. The [Formula: see text] system ([Formula: see text];[Formula: see text];[Formula: see text]) and Th/U versus Th consistently reveal that the lower Cretaceous experienced a positive gradient in chemical weathering from young to old formations. Although the patterns of trace elements in three formations of the lower Cretaceous are different, those of the rare earth elements (REEs) tend to be consistent. The significant enrichment of light REEs, heavy REEs fractionation, and distinctive negative Eu anomalies suggest derivation from an old, upper continental crust composed of predominantly felsic sediments. This interpretation is supported by several discrimination diagrams such as titanium dioxide-nickel ([Formula: see text]), which shows the characteristics of immature recycled sediments. A few sensitive elements, ratios, and normalized REE patterns indicate a provenance of an active continental margin and a continental island arc (CIA). The La-Th-Sc, Th-Co-Zr/10, and Th-Sc-Zr/10 discrimination plots further confirm the CIA signature. Thus, we conclude that the early Cretaceous redbeds in the Minle Basin, Hexi Corridor, were deposited in a dustpan-shaped half-graben basin in a CIA setting when northwest China was influenced by intense regional extension.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Liankai ◽  
Ji Hongbing ◽  
Wang Shijie ◽  
Luo Gang ◽  
Liu Xiuming ◽  
...  

Research on weathered crusts on carbonate rock is essential for paleoenvironmental studies in karst areas. Terra rossa, widely distributed in tropical karst areas, has not been studied in terms of its material sources and geochemistry. Two typical terra rossa profiles on dolomite (SC profile located at Sang Cai, Hoa Binh province) and limestone (TG profile located at Tong Gia, Lao Cai province) in Northern Vietnam were selected to examine the geochemical characteristics and the evolutionary processes of rare earth elements (REEs). Chondrite and bedrock normalized patterns indicated that these two profiles are in situ weathering crusts, meaning they are the residual material remaining after chemical weathering of the lower carbonate rocks. The average value of total REE in the SC profile is 381.19 ppm, which is 30 times higher than the bedrock. In the TG profile, the value is 386.26 ppm, 13 times higher than the bedrock. Compared with the profiles in nearby subtropical areas in Southeast China, the REE enrichment coefficients of terra rossa in Northern Vietnam are much higher. The REE depletion was also different between the SC and TG profiles. The light and heavy REE fractionations in the SC profile are higher than in the TG profile. Paleoclimate inversion analysis shows that the SC profile experienced a stable oxidation condition, whereas the TG profile was subjected to several reducing environments since a weathering crust formed.


2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikhane P. R. ◽  
Akintola A. I. ◽  
Bankole S. I. ◽  
Oyinboade Y. T.

The petrography, as well as the major, trace and rare earth element compositions of ten (10) sandstone samples of Maastrichtian Afowo Formation exposed near Igbile, Southwestern Nigeria, have been investigated to determine their provenance, source area weathering conditions, paleoclimate and tectonic setting using petrographic analysis and Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results of the petrographic analysis revealed that quartz is the most dominant detrital mineral with (86%) followed by weathered plagioclase feldspar (5.10%) and rock fragments (10.9%). The quartz grain is sub-angular to sub-rounded in shape and the sandstones were classified as quartz arenites, sublitharenites and subarkoses based on framework composition of quartz, feldspar and rock fragment plots. This suggests a recycled orogen source for the sandstones and deposition in a humid climate, evidenced by the weathered feldspars. Eleven (11) major, seventeen (17) trace and fourteen (14) rare earth elements were obtained from the geochemical analysis. The major elements values range in concentration from 0.01%–81.39% with SiO2 being the dominant oxide followed by Al2O3 and Fe2O3 constituting over 95% of the major oxides; K2O, TiO2, Na2O, CaO, MgO and P2O5 made up the remaining 5%. The average ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 valued 4.31 for the sandstone is appreciably high indicating that it has been heavily weathered. The trace elements range in concentration from 0.2 ppm–1651.2 ppm with Zr being the most dominant element an indication of orogenic recycling. The rare earth elements range in concentration from 0.01 ppm–163.7 ppm with Ce having the highest concentration, depicting that the sandstones were deposited in an oxidizing environment. Also, the trace element relationship illustrated from the spider plot shows chemical coherence and uniformity of the sandstones. The chondrite normalized rare earth elements (REE) plot shows enrichment in the Light REE over the heavy REE for the sediment with strong negative Eu anomaly values between (0.57–0.69) suggesting a felsic provenance derived from upper continental crust for the sandstones.


2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bah Mamadou Lamine Malick ◽  
Hiroaki Ishiga

<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Geochemistry of beach sand sediments collected from the Eastern San’in coast (n=17), Tango Peninsula (n=14) and Wakasa Bay (n=7) shorelines were investigated using XRF analyses for major and trace elements to characterize their composition, classification, maturity, provenance, tectonic setting and degree of weathering in source areas. Investigated sands from all sites were very similar showing depletion in all elements except SiO<sub>2</sub>, K<sub>2</sub>O and As relative to the UCCN and JUCN, suggesting a moderate geochemical maturation. Beach sand sediments from these locations can be classified as arkose, subarkose and litharenite that are chemically immature and formed under arid/semi-arid conditions with a tendency towards increasing chemical maturity suggesting that they are from multiple sources. The relatively low to moderate values of weathering indices of Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), Plagioclase Index of Alteration (PIA) and Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW), the beach sands from all sites in the source area have undergone low to moderate degree of chemical weathering. A-CN-K and A-CNK-FM plots, which suggest a granitic source composition, also confirm that the sand samples from these sites have undergone low to moderate degree of chemical weathering in consistent with CIA, PIA and CIW values. A plot of the analyzed beach sands data on the provenance discriminating function F1/F2 showed that most of the investigated beach sand sediments in all locations fall within mafic to intermediate ocean island arc source; similar to the tectonic setting discrimination diagrams based on major elements suggesting a passive margin.</span>


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