scholarly journals Molecular Crystallization Inhibitors for Salt Damage Control in Porous Materials: An Overview

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1873
Author(s):  
Maria Paola Bracciale ◽  
Svetlana Sammut ◽  
JoAnn Cassar ◽  
Maria Laura Santarelli ◽  
Assunta Marrocchi
Keyword(s):  
Porous Materials ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Damage Control ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Salt Crystallization ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Crystallization Inhibition ◽  
Microclimatic Conditions

The use of inhibition chemicals holds the prospect of an efficient strategy to control crystallization in porous materials, thereby potentially contributing to the prevention or mitigation of the salt decay phenomenon in modern as well as historical building materials in a more sustainable manner. In this review, we first provide an essential background on the mechanism of salt crystallization and on the factors influencing this phenomenon; next, we illustrate the mechanism at the basis of the action of crystal growth inhibitors, and critically discuss the major advances in the development of different families of inhibitors, particularly focusing on their influence on salt transport and crystallization within the structure of porous media. Specifically, correlations between the crystallization inhibition processes in porous materials and variables, such as porous substrate composition and properties, contaminant salt type and concentrations, microclimatic conditions, inhibiting solution concentration and properties, and application methods, will be highlighted. Environmental aspects, limitations, and problems associated with some inhibition chemicals are also taken into account. Finally, a survey and a discussion on the most representative experimental techniques and instrumentation available to assess qualitatively and quantitatively the inhibitor effectiveness, as well as recently developed modelling tools are given out.

scholarly journals Radon monitoring in a historical building in Košice city, Slovakia – a case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 900 (1) ◽  
pp. 012040
Author(s):  
E Singovszká ◽  
A Eštoková ◽  
M Vertaľ
Keyword(s):  
Human Exposure ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Indoor Radon ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Radon Monitoring

Abstract It is known that the highest contribution to the yearly radiation dose for the population derives from natural radioactivity. About 50% of that is estimated to be caused by exposure to radon (Rn) and its products. Human exposure to indoor Rn is currently considered a relevant research topic, because of the associated epidemiological aspects. This paper aimed at Rn concentration measurement in a selected building in Košice city, Slovakia. The continuous monitoring of indoor radon levels was performed over a period of 40 days. The measured concentrations ranged in a wide interval up to 92 Bq/m3. The WHO limit value of 100 Bq/m3 wasn´t exceeded. Analysing the possible sources, both contributions of radon from the building materials and radon from the soil was observed.

scholarly journals Mortar mixes with oxblood: historical background, model sample recipes and properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Laura Rampazzi ◽  
Maria Pia Riccardi ◽  
Antonio Sansonetti ◽  
Alberto Grimoldi
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Amorphous Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Model Sample ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Architecture ◽  
History Of Use

Abstract. In this survey we present studies on mortar mixes added with oxblood, which was a commonly found local waste material, with a wide application and long history of use; a precise recipe of lime–pozzolan mortar with blood addition from a 19th-century Italian manual was chosen, and model samples were prepared accordingly, with the aim of better understanding the chemical, mineralogical and physical characteristics of such compositions, starting with a blank reference specimen. The specimens were analysed by means of scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction, and the results suggested that amorphous calcium carbonate could be formed in the specimens with oxblood addition. These preliminary results allow a better understanding of historical building practices, measuring effects induced by organic additives on mortar microstructure, as well as an evaluation of new performances obtained in mortar mixes. Moreover, this paper intends to propose a full multi-discipline approach to bridge the history of architecture and building materials to conservation science.

scholarly journals The Plaka Bridge in Epirus: An Evaluation of New Building Materials for Its Restoration

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1136-1159
Author(s):  
Maria Apostolopoulou ◽  
Ioannis Nikolaidis ◽  
Iakovos Grillakis ◽  
Myrto Kalofonou ◽  
Vasileios Keramidas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Building Stone ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
Important Landmark

The sustainable preservation of monuments requires the use of performing materials which are at the same time compatible with the monument’s historical building materials to ensure structural integrity, adequate performance of the structure in earthquake stresses, and resilience of both restoration and historical materials. This is especially true for cultural heritage assets that have experienced major destruction, demanding extensive reconstruction. The Plaka Bridge in Epirus, Greece, partially collapsed after a heavy rainfall in 2015. It was a supreme example of traditional stone bridge architecture of the region and an important landmark. In the present study, a potential restoration stone from a nearby quarry was examined in terms of compatibility in relation to the dominant historical building stone of the bridge, as well as in terms of mechanical performance, through a variety of in lab techniques. In addition, criteria were set for restoration mortars, taking into account the characteristics of the historical materials, as well as the environment of the bridge. The results of the study regarding the restoration stone and mortars are presented and assessed, in order to select the most appropriate restoration materials for Plaka Bridge in its upcoming restoration, aiming to enhance the overall resilience of the structure.

scholarly journals Towards a more effective and reliable salt crystallization test for porous building materials: state of the art

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Lubelli ◽  
Veerle Cnudde ◽  
Teresa Diaz-Goncalves ◽  
Elisa Franzoni ◽  
Rob P. J. van Hees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Salt Crystallization ◽  
Porous Building Materials ◽  
Salt Crystallization Test

scholarly journals Role of Time Relaxation in a One-Dimensional Diffusion-Advection Model of Water and Salt Transport

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Medved’ ◽  
Robert Černý
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Chloride Transport ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Advection Diffusion ◽  
Dimensional Diffusion ◽  
Lime Plaster

The transport of salt, necessarily coupled with the transport of water, through porous building materials may heavily limit their durability due to possible deterioration and structural damage. Usually, the binding of salt to the pore walls is assumed to occur instantly, as soon as the salt is transported by water to a given position. We consider the advection-diffusion model of the transport and generalize it to include possible delays in the binding. Applying the Boltzmann-Matano method, we calculate the diffusion coefficient of the salt in dependence on the salt concentration and show that it increases with the rate of binding. We apply our results to an example of the chloride transport in a lime plaster.

Computational modelling of coupled water and salt transport in porous materials using diffusion–advection model

2011 ◽  
Vol 348 (7) ◽  
pp. 1574-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Pavlík ◽  
L. Fiala ◽  
J. Maděra ◽  
M. Pavlíková ◽  
R. Černý
Keyword(s):  
Porous Materials ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Salt Transport

Salt transport and crystallization in porous building materials

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 317-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Pel ◽  
H. Huinink ◽  
K. Kopinga
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Porous Building Materials
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