Innovative Eco-Friendly Conductive Ink Based on Carbonized Lignin for the Production of Flexible and Stretchable Bio-Sensors

In this study, we report a novel way to produce carbon-based conductive inks for electronic and sensor technology applications. Carbonized lignin, obtained from the waste products of the Eucalyptus globulus tree paper industry, was used to produce a stable conductive ink. To this end, liquid-phase compositions were tested with different amounts of carbonized lignin powder to obtain an ink with optimal conductivity and rheological properties for different possible uses. The combination that showed the best properties, both regarding electrochemical properties and green compatibility of the materials employed, was cyclohexanone/cellulose acetate/carbonized lignin 5% (w/w), which was used to produce screen-printed electrodes. The electrodes were characterized from a structural and electrochemical point of view, resulting in an electrochemically active area of 0.1813 cm2, compared to the electrochemically active area of 0.1420 cm2 obtained by employing geometrically similar petroleum-based screen-printed electrodes and, finally, their performance was demonstrated for the quantification of uric acid, with a limit of detection of 0.3 μM, and their biocompatibility was assessed by testing it with the laccase enzyme and achieving a limit of detection of 2.01 μM for catechol as the substrate. The results suggest that the developed ink could be of great use in both sensor and electronic industries, reducing the overall ecological impact of traditionally used petroleum-based inks.

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Electrochemical Properties of Screen-Printed Carbon Nano-Onion Electrodes

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25173884 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (17) ◽

pp. 3884

Author(s):

Loanda R. Cumba ◽

Adalberto Camisasca ◽

Silvia Giordani ◽

Robert J. Forster

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Low Cost ◽

Analytical Sensitivity ◽

High Performing ◽

Carbon Particles ◽

Screen Printed Electrodes ◽

Ink Formulation ◽

Screen Printed

The properties of carbon nano-onions (CNOs) make them attractive electrode materials/additives for the development of low-cost, simple to use and highly sensitive Screen Printed Electrodes (SPEs). Here, we report the development of the first CNO-based ink for the fabrication of low-cost and disposable electrodes, leading to high-performance sensors. Achieving a true dispersion of CNOs is intrinsically challenging and a key aspect of the ink formulation. The screen-printing ink formulation is achieved by carefully selecting and optimising the conductive materials (graphite (GRT) and CNOs), the polymer binder, the organic solvent and the plasticiser. Our CNO/GRT-based screen-printed electrodes consist of an interconnected network of conducting carbon particles with a uniform distribution. Electrochemical studies show a heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant of 1.3 ± 0.7 × 10−3 cm·s−1 and a higher current density than the ferrocene/ferrocenium coupled to a commercial graphite SPEs. In addition, the CNO/GRT SPE can detect dopamine in the concentration range of 10.0–99.9 µM with a limit of detection of 0.92 µM (N = 3). They exhibit a higher analytical sensitivity than the commercial graphite-based SPE, with a 4-fold improvement observed. These results open up the possibility of using high-performing CNO-based SPEs for electrochemical applications including sensors, battery electrodes and electrocatalysis.

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Screen-printed electrodes modified with HRP-zirconium alcoxide film for the development of a biosensor for acetaminophen detection

Open Chemistry ◽

10.2478/s11532-010-0070-7 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 1034-1040 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Veronica Sima ◽

Cecilia Cristea ◽

Ede Bodoki ◽

Gabriela Duţu ◽

Robert Sāndulescu

Keyword(s):

Electrode Materials ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Operation Mode ◽

Pharmaceutical Products ◽

Hydration Properties ◽

Zirconium Alkoxide ◽

Screen Printed Electrodes ◽

Gel Film ◽

Protective Environment ◽

Screen Printed

AbstractThe development of a biosensor based on the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) within a zirconium alkoxide-polyetilenimine film onto screen-printed electrodes (SPE) for acetaminophen detection and acetaminophen quantification in pharmaceutical products is described. The biosensor operation mode is based on monitoring the amperometric signal produced by the electrochemical reduction of the enzymatically generated electroactive oxidized species of acetaminophen in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme immobilization is performed by retention in a polyethylenimine-zirconium alcoxide porous gel film, a technique that offers good entrapping and a protective environment for the biocomponent due to the hydration properties of the immobilization layer. SPEs have the advantage of being easily mass-produced at low costs with superior characteristics in comparison with classical electrode materials. In this configuration, zirconium alkoxide demonstrates its electrocatalytic activity. The biosensor allows the quantification of acetaminophen with a limit of detection of 6.21×10−8 M and a linear range between 4.35×10−7 M and 4.98×10−6 M. Finally, the biosensor is applied to the quantitative analysis of acetaminophen in Perdolan® tablets.

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Development of a Magnetic Nanoparticles-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes (MNPs-SPEs) Biosensor for the Quantification of Ochratoxin A in Cereal and Feed Samples

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins10080317 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 317 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Xian Zhang ◽

Zuohuan Wang ◽

Hui Xie ◽

Renjie Sun ◽

Tong Cao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽

Ochratoxin A ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Screen Printed Electrodes ◽

Combined Use ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Relative Standard ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽

Feed Samples ◽

Screen Printed

A rapid and sensitive electrochemical biosensor based on magnetic nanoparticles and screen-printed electrodes (MNPs-SPEs sensor) was developed for the detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) in cereal and feed samples. Different types of magnetic nanoparticles-based ELISA (MNPs-ELISA) were optimized, and the signal detection, as well as sensitivity, was enhanced by the combined use of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curve of the MNPs-SPEs sensor was y = 0.3372x + 0.8324 (R2 = 0.9805). The linear range of detection and the detection limit were 0.01–0.82 ng/mL and 0.007 ng/mL, respectively. In addition, 50% inhibition (IC50) was detectable at 0.10 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) of this MNPs-SPEs sensor in cereal and feed samples was 0.28 μg/kg. The recovery rates in spiked samples were between 78.7% and 113.5%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 3.6–9.8%, with the coefficient of variation lower than 15%. Parallel analysis of commercial samples (corn, wheat, and feedstuff) showed a good correlation between MNPs-SPEs sensor and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). This new method provides a rapid, highly sensitive, and less time-consuming method to determine levels of ochratoxin A in cereal and feedstuff samples.

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Graphene Oxide Bulk-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes Provide Beneficial Electroanalytical Sensing Capabilities

Biosensors ◽

10.3390/bios10030027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 27 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Samuel J. Rowley-Neale ◽

Dale A. C. Brownson ◽

Graham Smith ◽

Craig E. Banks

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Mass Ratio ◽

Screen Printed Electrodes ◽

Defect Sites ◽

Electrocatalytic Effect ◽

Significant Interest ◽

Analytical Response ◽

Screen Printed

We demonstrate a facile methodology for the mass production of graphene oxide (GO) bulk-modified screen-printed electrodes (GO-SPEs) that are economical, highly reproducible and provide analytically useful outputs. Through fabricating GO-SPEs with varying percentage mass incorporations (2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) of GO, an electrocatalytic effect towards the chosen electroanalytical probes is observed, which increases with greater GO incorporated compared to bare/graphite SPEs. The optimum mass ratio of 10% GO to 90% carbon ink produces an electroanalytical signal towards dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) which is ca. ×10 greater in magnitude than that achievable at a bare/unmodified graphite SPE. Furthermore, 10% GO-SPEs exhibit a competitively low limit of detection (3σ) towards DA at ca. 81 nM, which is superior to that of a bare/unmodified graphite SPE at ca. 780 nM. The improved analytical response is attributed to the large number of oxygenated species inhabiting the edge and defect sites of the GO nanosheets, which are able to exhibit electrocatalytic responses towards inner-sphere electrochemical analytes. Our reported methodology is simple, scalable, and cost effective for the fabrication of GO-SPEs that display highly competitive LODs and are of significant interest for use in commercial and medicinal applications.

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An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Gold-Nanocluster-Modified Graphene Screen-Printed Electrodes for the Detection of β-Lactoglobulin in Milk

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20143956 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (14) ◽

pp. 3956

Author(s):

Jingyi Hong ◽

Yuxian Wang ◽

Liying Zhu ◽

Ling Jiang

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Sensor ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Gold Nanoclusters ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Gold Nanocluster ◽

Detection Range ◽

Screen Printed Electrodes ◽

Β Lactoglobulin ◽

Screen Printed

A simple and low-cost electrochemical sensor based on multimodified screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) was successfully synthesized for the sensitive detection of β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg). The surface treatment of SPEs was accomplished by a simple drip coating method using polyethyleneimine (PEI), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and gold nanoclusters (AuNCs), and the treated SPEs showed excellent electrical conductivity. The modified SPEs were then characterized with UV-Vis, SEM, TEM, and FTIR to analyze the morphology and composition of the AuNCs and the rGO. An anti-β-Lg antibody was then immobilized on the composite material obtained by modifying rGO with PEI and AuNCs (PEI-rGO-AuNCs), leading to the remarkable reduction in conductivity of the SPEs due to the reaction between antigen and antibody. The sensor obtained using this novel approach enabled a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.08 ng/mL and a detection range from 0.01 to 100 ng/mL for β-Lg. Furthermore, pure milk samples from four milk brands were measured using electrochemical sensors, and the results were in excellent agreement with those from commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods.

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