Urine Caffeine Concentration in Doping Control Samples from 2004 to 2015

The ergogenic effect of caffeine is well-established, but the extent of its consumption in sport is unknown at the present. The use of caffeine was considered “prohibited” until 2004, but this stimulant was moved from the List of Prohibited Substances to the Monitoring Program of the World Anti-Doping Agency to control its use by monitoring urinary caffeine concentration after competition. However, there is no updated information about the change in the use of caffeine as the result of its inclusion in the Monitoring Program. The aim of this study was to describe the changes in urine caffeine concentration from 2004 to 2015. A total of 7488 urine samples obtained in official competitions held in Spain and corresponding to athletes competing in Olympic sports (2788 in 2004, 2543 in 2008, and 2157 in 2015) were analyzed for urine caffeine concentration. The percentage of samples with detectable caffeine (i.e., >0.1 μg/mL) increased from ~70.1%, in 2004–2008 to 75.7% in 2015. The median urine caffeine concentration in 2015 (0.85 μg/mL) was higher when compared to the median value obtained in 2004 (0.70 μg/mL; p < 0.05) and in 2008 (0.70 μg/mL; p < 0.05). The urine caffeine concentration significantly increased from 2004 to 2015 in aquatics, athletics, boxing, judo, football, weightlifting, and rowing (p < 0.05). However, the sports with the highest urine caffeine concentration in 2015 were cycling, athletics, and rowing. In summary, the concentration of caffeine in the urine samples obtained after competition in Olympic sports in Spain increased from 2004 to 2015, particularly in some disciplines. These data indicate that the use of caffeine has slightly increased since its removal from the list of banned substances, but urine caffeine concentrations suggest that the use of caffeine is moderate in most sport specialties. Athletes of individual sports or athletes of sports with an aerobic-like nature are more prone to using caffeine in competition.

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Prevalence of caffeine use in elite athletes following its removal from the World Anti-Doping Agency list of banned substances

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/h11-052 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 555-561 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Juan Del Coso ◽

Gloria Muñoz ◽

Jesús Muñoz-Guerra

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Elite Athletes ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Alkaline Extraction ◽

Caffeine Concentration ◽

The World ◽

World Anti Doping Agency ◽

Males And Females

The aim of this investigation was to determine the use of caffeine by athletes after its removal from the World Anti-Doping Agency list. For this purpose, we measured the caffeine concentration in 20 686 urine samples obtained for doping control from 2004 to 2008. We utilized only urine samples obtained after official national and international competitions. Urine caffeine concentration was determined using alkaline extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The limit of detection (LOD) was set at 0.1 µg·mL–1. The percentage of urine samples below the LOD was 26.2%; the remaining 73.8% of the urine samples contained caffeine. Most urine samples (67.3%) had urinary caffeine concentrations below 5 µg·mL–1. Only 0.6% of urine samples exceeded the former threshold for caffeine doping (12 µg·mL–1). Triathlon (3.3 ± 2.2 µg·mL–1), cycling (2.6 ± 2.0 µg·mL–1), and rowing (1.9 ± 1.4 µg·mL–1) were the sports with the highest levels of urine caffeine concentration; gymnastics was the sport with the lowest urine caffeine concentration (0.5 ± 0.4 µg·mL–1). Older competitors (>30 y) had higher levels of caffeine in their urine than younger competitors (<20 y; p < 0.05); there were no differences between males and females. In conclusion, 3 out of 4 athletes had consumed caffeine before or during sports competition. Nevertheless, only a small proportion of these competitors (0.6%) had a urine caffeine concentration higher than 12 µg·mL–1. Endurance sports were the disciplines showing the highest urine caffeine excretion after competition.

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Determination of Tuaminoheptane in Doping Control Urine Samples

European Journal of Mass Spectrometry ◽

10.1255/ejms.875 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 213-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Mario Thevis ◽

Gerd Sigmund ◽

Anja Koch ◽

Wilhelm Schänzer

Keyword(s):

Drug Testing ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Fragment Ions ◽

Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽

In Doping ◽

Aldehydes And Ketones ◽

Characteristic Fragment ◽

World Anti Doping Agency

Since January 2007, the list of prohibited substances established by the World Anti-Doping Agency includes the sympathomimetic compound tuaminoheptane (1-methyl-hexylamine, 2-heptylamine). Primarily used as a nasal decongestant drug it has been considered relevant for sports drug testing due to its stimulating properties. A confirmatory gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedure was developed including liquid–liquid extraction and imine formation of tuaminoheptane employing various aldehydes and ketones such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde and acetone. Extraction and derivatisation conditions were optimised for utmost efficiency and characteristic fragment ions obtained after electron ionisation allowed for a sensitive and selective analytical assay, which was validated with regard to recovery (50%), lower limit of detection (20 ng mL−1) as well as interday- and intraday precision (< 15%). The applicability to authentic urine samples was demonstrated using administration study specimens obtained from two male persons using Rhinofluimucil (tuaminoheptane hemisulfate) for intranasal application. The administered drug was detected up to 46h after repeated topical instillation of a total of approximately 3 mg.

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Exceptional circumstances beyond International Swimming Federation Doping Control Rules: The Sun Yang case of Court of Arbitration for Sport

Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Law ◽

10.21638/spbu14.2021.109 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 131-143

Author(s):

Evgenia G. Vetrova ◽

Raisa I. Khalatova ◽

Anastasia A. Kashaeva

Keyword(s):

Doping Control ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Control Procedure ◽

The Sun ◽

Destruction Process ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Urine Sampling ◽

Control Rules ◽

World Anti Doping Agency

The authors refer to the exceptional circumstances surrounding Sun Yang’s violation. The athlete intervened in the doping control procedure in several ways. First, he questioned the proper accreditation of the IDTM’s (The company “International Doping Tests and Management”) Samples Collection Personnel, one of which photographed him. This officer was suspended from urine sampling, but there was no longer a male specialist on the IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel. Therefore, the collection of urine samples did not take place due to the athlete’s actions. A general distrust of IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel due to inappropriate photographing was the catalyst for follow-up action. Secondly, the athlete required IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel to confirm his credentials (accreditation) from the anti-doping organization, despite the submission of documents by IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel following the International Standard for Testing and Investigations. Not having received the additional and, in the opinion of the athlete, necessary documents, he refused to participate in the doping control procedure as a whole, tearing up his previously given written consent. Finally, the athlete took part in the destruction of blood samples with a hammer, but his role in this process was controversial. A prerequisite for the destruction process of the samples was the assistance of the IDTM’s Samples Collection Personnel, who handed them over to the athlete in response to insistent demands. The listed circumstances, which are exceptional, however, could not affect the reduction of Sun Yang’s period of ineligibility, since the FINA (International Swimming Federation) Doping Control Rules, based on WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) Code 2015, do not imply such a basis. The new WADA Code 2021 offers a more flexible concept of liability and takes into account exceptional circumstances that in subsequent disputes about tampering can be established based on the example of the dispute CAS 2019/A/6148.

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The independence of brazilian antidoping as to the ties between the State and sports federations

Journal of Physical Education ◽

10.4025/jphyseduc.v32i1.3261 ◽

1989 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Giordani Vasques ◽

◽

Flávio Py Mariante Neto ◽

Nicole Marceli Nunes Cardoso ◽

Marco Paulo Stigger

Keyword(s):

The State ◽

Doping Control ◽

Documentary Analysis ◽

The World ◽

World Anti Doping Agency ◽

Control Authority ◽

Pragmatic Sociology

The anti-doping globalization and harmonization processes, led mainly by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), produced a series of interested institutions, which, according to the actors, must act independently, especially from national states and sports federations. In Brazil, however, the Brazilian Doping Control Authority (ABCD) was created in 2009 as a secretariat of the Ministry of Sports. The objective of this paper was to analyze how the actors associate and sustain a discourse of independence in the Brazilian anti-doping fight. Based on an ethnographic insertion, which included interviews and documentary analysis, this study describes, in the ways of pragmatic sociology and with the use of the Eliasian concept of interdependence, the approximations of the national anti-doping agency, especially with government actors as well as with Brazilian football federation. In this sense, we use the concepts of interdependence and harmonization to analyze associations and, thus, we reflect on the discourse of independence when presenting interests in associations between actors.

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