scholarly journals An Experimental Approach to Assessing the Roles of Magnesium, Calcium, and Carbonate Ratios in Marine Carbonates

Oceans ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-214
Author(s):  
Claire E. Reymond ◽  
Sönke Hohn
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Coralline Algae ◽  
Crustose Coralline Algae ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Process Understanding ◽  
Magnesium Removal ◽  
Ionic Movement ◽  
Inorganic Carbon Concentration ◽  
Lower Saturation

Marine biomineralization is a globally important biological and geochemical process. Understanding the mechanisms controlling the precipitation of calcium carbonate [CaCO3] within the calcifying fluid of marine organisms, such as corals, crustose coralline algae, and foraminifera, presents one of the most elusive, yet relevant areas of biomineralization research, due to the often-impenetrable ability to measure the process in situ. The precipitation of CaCO3 is assumed to be largely controlled by the saturation state [Ω] of the extracellular calcifying fluid. In this study, we mimicked the typical pH and Ω known for the calcifying fluid in corals, while varying the magnesium, calcium, and carbonate concentrations in six chemo-static growth experiments, thereby mimicking various dissolved inorganic carbon concentration mechanisms and ionic movement into the extracellular calcifying fluid. Reduced mineralization and varied CaCO3 morphologies highlight the inhibiting effect of magnesium regardless of pH and Ω and suggests the importance of strong magnesium removal or calcium concentration mechanisms. In respect to ocean acidification studies, this could allow an explanation for why specific marine calcifiers respond differently to lower saturation states.

Ocean acidification as a multiple driver: how interactions between changing seawater carbonate parameters affect marine life

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catriona L. Hurd ◽  
John Beardall ◽  
Steeve Comeau ◽  
Christopher E. Cornwall ◽  
Jonathan N Havenhand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Coralline Algae ◽  
Carbonate System ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Key Terms

‘Multiple drivers’ (also termed ‘multiple stressors’) is the term used to describe the cumulative effects of multiple environmental factors on organisms or ecosystems. Here, we consider ocean acidification as a multiple driver because many inorganic carbon parameters are changing simultaneously, including total dissolved inorganic carbon, CO2, HCO3–, CO32–, H+ and CaCO3 saturation state. With the rapid expansion of ocean acidification research has come a greater understanding of the complexity and intricacies of how these simultaneous changes to the seawater carbonate system are affecting marine life. We start by clarifying key terms used by chemists and biologists to describe the changing seawater inorganic carbon system. Then, using key groups of non-calcifying (fish, seaweeds, diatoms) and calcifying (coralline algae, coccolithophores, corals, molluscs) organisms, we consider how various physiological processes are affected by different components of the carbonate system.

Effect of climate change on crustose coralline algae at a temperate vent site, White Island, New Zealand

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 360 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Brinkman ◽  
A. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Coralline Algae ◽  
Crustose Coralline Algae ◽  
Climate Change Research ◽  
Seasonal Basis ◽  
Additional Monitoring ◽  
White Island

Natural CO2 vents allow study of the effects of climate change on marine organisms on a different scale from laboratory-based studies. This study outlines a preliminary investigation into the suitability of natural CO2 vents near White Island, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand (37°31.19′S, 117°10.85′E) for climate change research by characterising water chemistry from two vent and three control locations on a seasonal basis, as well as examining their effects on skeletons of the local calcifying crustose coralline algae. pH measurements at vent sites, calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, showed reduced mean pH levels (7.49 and 7.85) relative to background levels of 8.06, whereas mean temperatures were between 0.0 and 0.4°C above control. Increases in sulfur and mercury at sites near White Island were probably a result of volcanic unrest. Crustose coralline algae did not show significant variability in skeletal Mg-calcite geochemistry, but qualitative comparisons of calcite skeletons under scanning electron microscopy saw greater deformation and dissolution in coralline algae calcite crystals from vent sites compared to controls. Although additional monitoring of pH fluctuations and hydrogen sulphides is still needed, the low pH and increased temperatures indicate potential for studying multistressor effects of projected climate changes in a natural environment.

scholarly journals In situ changes of tropical crustose coralline algae along carbon dioxide gradients

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Fabricius ◽  
A. Kluibenschedl ◽  
L. Harrington ◽  
S. Noonan ◽  
G. De'ath
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Coralline Algae ◽  
Crustose Coralline Algae

scholarly journals Bioerosion of reef-building crustose coralline algae by endolithic invertebrates in an upwelling-influenced reef

Coral Reefs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ramírez-Viaña ◽  
Guillermo Diaz-Pulido ◽  
Rocío García-Urueña
Keyword(s):  
Coralline Algae ◽  
Crustose Coralline Algae

Synergistic effects of diuron and sedimentation on photosynthesis and survival of crustose coralline algae

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 415-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Harrington ◽  
Katharina Fabricius ◽  
Geoff Eaglesham ◽  
Andrew Negri
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Coralline Algae ◽  
Crustose Coralline Algae

Effect of 3D printer enabled surface morphology and composition on coral growth in artificial reefs

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Valenzuela Matus ◽  
Jorge Lino Alves ◽  
Joaquim Góis ◽  
Augusto Barata da Rocha ◽  
Rui Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Coral Growth ◽  
Coralline Algae ◽  
Textured Surface ◽  
Crustose Coralline Algae ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to prove and qualify the influence of textured surface substrates morphology and chemical composition on the growth and propagation of transplanted corals. Use additive manufacturing and silicone moulds for converting three-dimensional samples into limestone mortar with white Portland cement substrates for coral growth. Design/methodology/approach Tiles samples were designed and printed with different geometries and textures inspired by nature marine environment. Commercial coral frag tiles were analysed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to identify the main chemical elements. Raw materials and coral species were selected. New base substrates were manufactured and deployed into a closed-circuit aquarium to monitor the coral weekly evolution process and analyse the results obtained. Findings Experimental results provided positive statistical parameters for future implementation tests, concluding that the intensity of textured surface, interfered favourably in the coralline algae biofilm growth. The chemical composition and design of the substrates were determinant factors for successful coral propagation. Recesses and cavities mimic the natural rocks aspect and promoted the presence and interaction of other species that favour the richness of the ecosystem. Originality/value Additive manufacturing provided an innovative method of production for ecology restoration areas, allowing rapid prototyping of substrates with high complexity morphologies, a critical and fundamental attribute to guarantee coral growth and Crustose Coralline Algae. The result of this study showed the feasibility of this approach using three-dimensional printing technologies.

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