scholarly journals N-Glycosylation in Piroplasmids: Diversity within Simplicity

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Monica Florin-Christensen ◽  
Anabel E. Rodriguez ◽  
Carlos E. Suárez ◽  
Massaro W. Ueti ◽  
Fernando O. Delgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Babesia Species ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Parasite Life Cycle ◽  
Oligosaccharyl Transferase ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Cytauxzoon Felis ◽  
Relevant Role

N-glycosylation has remained mostly unexplored in Piroplasmida, an order of tick-transmitted pathogens of veterinary and medical relevance. Analysis of 11 piroplasmid genomes revealed three distinct scenarios regarding N-glycosylation: Babesia sensu stricto (s.s.) species add one or two N-acetylglucosamine (NAcGlc) molecules to proteins; Theileria equi and Cytauxzoon felis add (NAcGlc)2-mannose, while B. microti and Theileria s.s. synthesize dolichol-P-P-NAcGlc and dolichol-P-P-(NAcGlc)2 without subsequent transfer to proteins. All piroplasmids possess the gene complement needed for the synthesis of the N-glycosylation substrates, dolichol-P and sugar nucleotides. The oligosaccharyl transferase of Babesia species, T. equi and C. felis, is predicted to be composed of only two subunits, STT3 and Ost1. Occurrence of short N-glycans in B. bovis merozoites was experimentally demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy using a NAcGlc-specific lectin. In vitro growth of B. bovis was significantly impaired by tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-glycosylation, indicating a relevant role for N-glycosylation in this pathogen. Finally, genes coding for N-glycosylation enzymes and substrate biosynthesis are transcribed in B. bovis blood and tick stages, suggesting that this pathway is biologically relevant throughout the parasite life cycle. Elucidation of the role/s exerted by N-glycans will increase our understanding of these successful parasites, for which improved control measures are needed.

scholarly journals Development of a Multiplex Droplet Digital PCR Assay for the Detection of Babesia, Bartonella, and Borrelia Species

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1462
Author(s):  
Ricardo Maggi ◽  
Edward B. Breitschwerdt ◽  
Barbara Qurollo ◽  
Jennifer C. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Animal Cell ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Droplet Digital Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Cytauxzoon Felis ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Type Water

We describe the development, optimization, and validation of a multiplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of Babesia, Bartonella, and Borrelia spp. DNA from several sample matrices, including clinical blood samples from animals and humans, vectors, in-vitro infected human and animal cell lines, and tissues obtained from animal models (infected with Bartonella and/or B. burgdorferi). The multiplex ddPCR assay was able to detect 31 Bartonella, 13 Borrelia, and 24 Babesia species, including Theileria equi, T. cervi, and Cytauxzoon felis. No amplification of Treponema or Leptospira spp. was observed. Sensitivity of 0.2–5 genome equivalent DNA copies per microliter was achieved for different members of the Bartonella and Borrelia genus, depending on the species or matrix type (water or spiked blood DNA) tested. The ddPCR assay facilitated the simultaneous detection of co-infections with two and three vector-borne pathogens comprising four different genera (Babesia, Bartonella, Borrelia, and Theileria) from clinical and other sample sources.

scholarly journals Packaging-Competent Capsids of a Herpes Simplex Virus Temperature-Sensitive Mutant Have Properties Similar to Those of In Vitro-Assembled Procapsids

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 5714-5721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frazer J. Rixon ◽  
David McNab
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Scaffolding Protein ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Stable Form ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
Simplex Virus

ABSTRACT Newcomb and coworkers (W. W. Newcomb, F. L. Homa, D. R. Thomsen, F. P. Booy, B. L. Trus, A. C. Steven, J. V. Spencer, and J. C. Brown, J. Mol. Biol. 263:432–446, 1996; W. W. Newcomb, F. L. Homa, D. R. Thomsen, Z. Ye, and J. C. Brown, J. Virol. 68:6059–6063, 1994) have recently described an in vitro herpes simplex virus (HSV) capsid assembly product which, because of certain parallels between its properties and those of bacteriophage proheads, they have designated the procapsid. As in their bacteriophage counterparts, there are marked differences between the structures of the two types of particle, and conversion from the procapsid to the capsid form requires extensive reconfiguration of the subunits. This reconfiguration occurs spontaneously upon extended in vitro incubation. One of the distinctive features of the HSV procapsids is that, unlike mature capsids, they are unstable and disassemble upon storage at 2°C. Using a mutant of HSV type 1 (ts1201), which has a lesion in the protease responsible for maturational cleavage of the scaffolding protein, we have demonstrated that capsids present within cells infected at nonpermissive temperatures are also cryosensitive and disappear if the cells are incubated at 0°C. This suggests that ts1201 capsids may resemble procapsids in structure. However,ts1201 capsids remain cryosensitive following extended incubation at an elevated temperature and, therefore, do not appear to undergo the spontaneous reconfiguration seen with in vitro-assembled procapsids. The lesion in ts1201 is reversible, and capsids formed at the nonpermissive temperature can undergo maturational cleavage and go on to form infectious virions following downshift to permissive temperatures. The sensitivity of ts1201 capsids to low temperatures is closely correlated with the cleavage status of the scaffolding protein, suggesting that proteolysis may act to trigger their conversion to the stable form. The experiments described here provide the firmest evidence yet that the procapsid has a biologically relevant role in the virus life cycle.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects of Coumermycin A1 on the Growth of Theileria and Babesia Parasites in vitro and in vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (04) ◽  
pp. 469-474
Author(s):  
Mahmoud AbouLaila
Keyword(s):  
Dna Gyrase ◽  
Babesia Microti ◽  
Babesia Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Dna Topoisomerase ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Gyrase A

Coumermycin A1, a coumarin antibiotic, has anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and antimalarial activities. We aimed to evaluate the anti-thielerial and anti-babesial activity of coumermycin A1 in mice in vivo. Coumermycin A1 efficacy was determined by the transcription of DNA gyrase, a type II DNA topoisomerase using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) transcription. Coumermycin A1 significantly inhibited the development of preliminary parasitemia (1%). Theileria equi and the Babesia species B. bigemina, B. bovis, and B. caballi were observed with IC50 values of 80, 70, 57, and 65 nM, respectively. Their development was remarkably inhibited at observed concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100µM for the studied organisms T. equi, and the Babesia species B. caballi, B. bovis and B. bigemina, respectively. In the subsequent viability test, parasite re-growth was suppressed at 100µM for B. bigemina and B. bovis and at 50 µM for B. caballi and T. equi. Coumermycin A1 Treatment of B. bovis cultures with Coumermycin A1 completely suppressed the transcription of the DNA gyrase subunits B and A genes. In BALB/c mice, the development of Babesia microti was inhibited by 70.73% using 5 mg/kg of Coumermycin A1.

scholarly journals In vitro and in vivo growth inhibitory activities of cryptolepine hydrate against several Babesia species and Theileria equi

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. e0008489
Author(s):  
Gaber El-Saber Batiha ◽  
Amany Magdy Beshbishy ◽  
Luay M. Alkazmi ◽  
Eman H. Nadwa ◽  
Eman K. Rashwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Babesia Species ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Growth Inhibitory ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
In Vivo Growth

scholarly journals Evaluation of The In Vitro And In Vivo Inhibitory Effects of Enrofloxacin On the Growth of Babesia Species and Theileria Equi

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ikuo Igarashi ◽  
Naoaki Yokoyama ◽  
Akram Salama ◽  
Amer AbdEl-Aziz ◽  
Mahmoud AbouLaila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Rate ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Babesia Microti ◽  
Babesia Species ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate

Objectives: Enrofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is an inhibitor of prokaryotic topoisomerase II with antibacterial and antiparasitic activities. The study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of enrofloxacin on Babesia species and Theileria equi in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The inhibitory effects of enrofloxacin were evaluated in vitro cultures using in vitro inhibition assay of three Babesia species and Theileria equi; furthermore, the in vivo inhibitory effect of enrofloxacin was evaluated in the mice model of Babesia microti. Results: The IC50 values of enrofloxacin were 4.9, 4.5, 4, and 3.9 nM for B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. caballi, and B. equi, respectively. Enrofloxacin at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg resulted in a 92.9 % inhibition of Babesia microti growth in BALB/c mice. Combination therapy of enrofloxacin at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg with diminazene aceturate at a dose rate of 12.5 mg/kg resulted in 93.83 % inhibition of Babesia microti growth in BALB/c mice. Conclusions: Enrofloxacin might be used for drug therapy in babesiosis.

scholarly journals 17-DMAG inhibits the multiplication of several Babesia species and Theileria equi on in vitro cultures, and Babesia microti in mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azirwan Guswanto ◽  
Arifin Budiman Nugraha ◽  
Bumduuren Tuvshintulga ◽  
Dickson Stuart Tayebwa ◽  
Mohamed Abdo Rizk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Cultures ◽  
Babesia Microti ◽  
Babesia Species ◽  
Theileria Equi

scholarly journals Inhibitory effects of novel ciprofloxacin derivatives on the growth of four Babesia species and Theileria equi

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (9) ◽  
pp. 3061-3073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaber El-Saber Batiha ◽  
Dickson Stuart Tayebwa ◽  
Amany Magdy Beshbishy ◽  
David D. N’Da ◽  
Naoaki Yokoyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Babesia Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Theileria Equi

Effects of Weed Control in Established Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) on Forage Yield and Quality

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis R. Cosgrove ◽  
Michael Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Forage Yields

The effects of weed control measures in established alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) on forage yield and quality were investigated at three sites with varying alfalfa densities and weed populations. Herbicide treatments were 0.56 and 1.12 kg/ha metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] applied in fall or spring, respectively, 1.68 kg/ha pronamide [3,5-dichloro (N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] applied in fall, and combinations of these treatments. First-harvest forage yields (weeds plus alfalfa) were either reduced or unchanged by herbicide treatments. Total forage yield was not altered by the herbicide treatments, but first-harvest and total alfalfa yield as well as first-harvest forage protein content were increased by several treatments, depending on stand density and weed pressure. Little effect was observed on in vitro digestible dry matter or acid detergent fiber content.

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