scholarly journals Vaginal, Cervical and Uterine pH in Women with Normal and Abnormal Vaginal Microbiota

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Malene Risager Lykke ◽  
Naja Becher ◽  
Thor Haahr ◽  
Ebbe Boedtkjer ◽  
Jørgen Skov Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Vaginal Microbiota ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Ph Gradient ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Female Genital

Introduction: Healthy women of reproductive age have a vaginal pH around 4.5, whereas little is known about pH in the upper genital tract. A shift in the vaginal microbiota may result in an elevated pH in the upper genital tract. This might contribute to decreased fertility and increased risk of preterm birth. Therefore, we aimed to measure pH in different compartments of the female genital tract in both nonpregnant and pregnant women, stratifying into a normal and abnormal vaginal microbiota. Material and methods: In this descriptive study, we included 6 nonpregnant, 12 early-pregnant, and 8 term-pregnant women. A pH gradient was recorded with a flexible pH probe. An abnormal vaginal microbiota was diagnosed by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique for Atopobium vaginae; Sneathia sanguinegens; Leptotrichia amnionii; bacterial vaginosis-associated bacterium 1, 2, 3, and TM7; and Prevotella spp. among others. Results: In all participants we found the pH gradient in the lower reproductive canal to be most acidic in the lower vagina and most alkaline in the upper uterine cavity. Women with an abnormal vaginal microbiota had an increased pH in the lower vagina compared to the other groups. Conclusions: There is a pronounced pH gradient within the female genital tract. This gradient is not disrupted in women with an abnormal vaginal microbiota.

scholarly journals Optimising the collection of female genital tract fluid for cytokine analysis in pregnant women

2018 ◽  
Vol 458 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
C.S. Short ◽  
R. Quinlan ◽  
P. Bennett ◽  
R.J. Shattock ◽  
G.P. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Cytokine Analysis ◽  
Female Genital

Pseudosarcomatous Vaginal Polyp

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Heller ◽  
Adanna Ukazu ◽  
Qing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Benign Lesions ◽  
Postpartum Visit ◽  
Cytologic Atypia ◽  
Atypical Cells ◽  
Fibroepithelial Polyps ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Female Genital

Background. Although rare, pregnant women can present with fibroepithelial polyps of the vagina. Most likely hormonally related, these polyps have been described in various locations of the lower female genital tract. They can be mistaken for malignant lesions due to hypercellularity and cytologic atypia. Case. We describe the case of a 31-year-old woman who presented with a polyp of the vagina during a postpartum visit. Results. Atypical cells were seen in hypercellular areas of the stroma of the polyp. Conclusion. A pitfall to avoid is classifying these benign lesions as malignant based on atypical histopathology.

scholarly journals Comparison of Female Genital Tract Cytokine and Microbiota Signatures Induced by Initiation of Intramuscular DMPA and NET-EN Hormonal Contraceptives - a Prospective Cohort Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smritee Dabee ◽  
Ramla F. Tanko ◽  
Bryan P. Brown ◽  
Rubina Bunjun ◽  
Christina Balle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Vaginal Microbiota ◽  
African Women ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Female Genital

BackgroundCervicovaginal inflammation, bacterial microbiota and hormonal contraceptives all influence sexual and reproductive health. To date, the effects of intramuscular depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM) versus injectable norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN) on vaginal microbiota or cytokines have not been compared back-to-back, although in-vitro data suggest that DMPA-IM and NET-EN have different pharmacokinetic and biologic activities. This study aimed at comparing the effects of DMPA-IM versus NET-EN initiation on cervicovaginal cytokines and microbiota in women at high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) assigned to the respective contraceptives.MethodsWe collected socio-demographic characteristics and vaginal samples from women initiating DMPA-IM (ECHO Trial; n = 53) and NET-EN (UChoose Trial; n = 44) at baseline and after two consecutive injections to assess cytokine concentrations by Luminex, vaginal microbiota by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, STIs, bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candidiasis.ResultsCytokine concentrations did not change significantly after initiating DMPA-IM or NET-EN, although NET-EN versus DMPA-IM-associated profiles were distinct. While the abundance of bacterial taxa associated with optimal and non-optimal microbiota fluctuated with DMPA-IM use, overall community composition did not significantly change with either contraceptive. HSV-2 serology, chlamydial infection, gonorrhoea and candidiasis did not influence the associations between contraceptive type and cervicovaginal cytokines or microbiota.ConclusionsBoth DMPA-IM and NET-EN use did not lead to broad inflammatory or microbiota changes in the female genital tract of sub-Saharan African women. This suggests that NET-EN is likely a viable option for contraception in African women at high risk of BV and STIs.

scholarly journals Mullerian adenosarcoma of the cervix: case report

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 335
Author(s):  
Akinfenwa T. Atanda ◽  
Osondu C. Agu ◽  
Abubakar K. Modu K. Modu
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Rare Tumours ◽  
Histopathological Evaluation ◽  
Optimum Management ◽  
Reproductive Age Group ◽  
Female Genital

Mullerian adenosarcomas are rare tumours that may be found in any part of the female genital tract including cervix. They are more common in the reproductive age group and rare among blacks. When they present in the cervix they may be clinically misdiagnosed as an endocervical polyp and histologically as an adenofibroma. Clinical presentation is mostly as irregular vagina bleeding and as a mass in the vagina. Meticulous histopathological evaluation is crucial for its optimum management.

scholarly journals Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and the Vaginal Microbiome as Modifiers of Tenofovir Diphosphate and Lamivudine Triphosphate Concentrations in the Female Genital Tract of Ugandan Women: Implications for Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Lamivudine in Preexposure Prophylaxis

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1717-1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie R Nicol ◽  
Prosperity Eneh ◽  
Rita Nakalega ◽  
Thomas Kaiser ◽  
Samuel Kabwigu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ◽  
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ◽  
Preexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Vaginal Swabs ◽  
Tenofovir Diphosphate ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract Background Effective concentrations of antiretrovirals in the female genital tract (FGT) are critical for suppression of viral shedding or effective preexposure prophylaxis. The disposition of tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) and emtricitabine triphosphate (FTC-TP) in the FGT have been previously described. Despite widespread use, however, lamivudine triphosphate (3TC-TP) exposure in the FGT is unknown. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and vaginal dysbiosis have been implicated in increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition, but whether they alter TFV-DP or 3TC-TP exposure, and therefore compromise prevention efficacy, is unknown. Methods Fifty premenopausal women living with HIV in Kampala, Uganda, and receiving daily tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/lamivudine were recruited. Ectocervical biopsies were obtained for quantification of TFV-DP and 3TC-TP using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was performed on DNA extracted from vaginal swabs. Wilcoxon rank-sum was used to test for differences between contraceptive groups. Results 3TC-TP concentrations were on average 17-fold greater than TFV-DP concentrations in cervical tissues. TFV-DP concentrations in cervical biopsies were 76% greater in DMPA users compared with women using nonhormonal contraception (n = 23 per group). Abundance of Lactobacillus in vaginal swabs was correlated with 3TC-TP concentrations in cervical tissues. Conclusions We found that TFV-DP concentrations were significantly greater in DMPA users compared with women using nonhormonal contraception, suggesting that prevention efficacy is unlikely to be compromised by DMPA use. Similar to reports of FTC-TP, 3TC-TP exposure was significantly greater than TFV-DP in cervical tissue and was correlated with abundance of Lactobacillus. These data support lamivudine as an option for preexposure prophylaxis. Clinical Trials Registration NCT03377608.

scholarly journals Breech at the Border: An Atypical Case of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae in a Patient on a Novel Immunotherapeutic

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Howard-Anderson ◽  
Sarah W Satola ◽  
Matthew H Collins
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Immunomodulatory Treatment ◽  
Atypical Case ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract Haemophilus influenzae rarely causes pyogenic infections in the female genital tract, and even less commonly does this lead to systemic infections. Novel monoclonal antibody therapies targeting interleukin-17 may impair mucosal immunity, but increased risk for H. influenzae infections has not been documented. Here, we describe a case of H. influenzae bacteremia associated with pyosalpinx and hypothesize that immunomodulatory treatment for psoriasis predisposed our patient to this infection.

scholarly journals Classification and diagnosis of congenital malformations of the female genital tract according to ESHRE/ESGE

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Anastasios Makedos ◽  
Grigoris Grimbizis
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Female Genital

Congenital malformations of the female genital tract affect 4-7% of the female population. They are mainly detected at reproductive age during the investigation for infertility. Accurate classification is vital for the effective management. In need of a more detailed description of these anomalies, clinical usefulness and simplicity ESHRE and ESGE introduced in 2013 the new classification system and further in 2016, at the Thessaloniki consensus they introduced guidance on proper diagnosis with the use of the available diagnostic procedures. In the current review the most important key points of both consensuses are described.

scholarly journals The Endometrial Microbiome and Its Impact on Human Conception

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 485
Author(s):  
Bruno Toson ◽  
Carlos Simon ◽  
Inmaculada Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Fertility Treatment ◽  
Review Current ◽  
Female Genital

Changes in the female genital tract microbiome are consistently correlated to gynecological and obstetrical pathologies, and tract dysbiosis can impact reproductive outcomes during fertility treatment. Nonetheless, a consensus regarding the physiological microbiome core inside the uterine cavity has not been reached due to a myriad of study limitations, such as sample size and experimental design variations, and the influence of endometrial bacterial communities on human reproduction remains debated. Understanding the healthy endometrial microbiota and how changes in its composition affect fertility would potentially allow personalized treatment through microbiome management during assisted reproductive therapies, ultimately leading to improvement of clinical outcomes. Here, we review current knowledge regarding the uterine microbiota and how it relates to human conception.

scholarly journals Innate Antibacterial Activity in Female Genital Tract Secretions Is Associated with Increased Risk of HIV Acquisition

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1153-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Pellett Madan ◽  
Lindi Masson ◽  
Jessica Tugetman ◽  
Lise Werner ◽  
Anneke Grobler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hiv Acquisition ◽  
Risk Of Hiv Acquisition ◽  
Female Genital
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