Photodynamic Eradication of Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans

Conventional methods of onychomycosis treatment are ineffective in some cases because the cure of onychomycosis very often depends on the patient’s individual response to the treatment; therefore, there is a crucial need to research and develop new methods of onychomycosis therapy. One of the most innovative treatments is photodynamic therapy (PDT) using photosensitizers (PSs). However, effective treatment depends on the correct choice of photosensitizer and substances that improve the characteristics of the final formulation. The aim of our work was to find an effective formulation for the treatment of onychomycosis. To achieve this goal, we tested the effect of three types of PSs, rose Bengal (RB), malachite green oxalate (MGO), and methylene blue (MB), on Candida albicans. The most effective PS was RB, and so the study was continued with Trichophyton rubrum. Additional comparative studies were carried out on substances included in the formulation (urea and thiourea), focusing on their antifungal activity, which can improve penetration through the nail plate. The composition of the formulation that achieved 100% eradication of Trichophyton rubrum under our conditions consisted of 150 μM RB, 5% urea, and 0.5% thiourea in glycerol/water (70/30%, w/w) solution. A white luminescent lamp was used as a light source (1.9 ± 0.1 mW cm−2). Stability of the formulation was checked. The selected formulation shows potential for future simplification and acceleration of PDT treatment of onychomycosis.

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In vitro comparison of the effect of photodynamic therapy with curcumin and methylene blue on Candida albicans colonies

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy ◽

10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.03.017 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 193-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Franak Daliri ◽

Arash Azizi ◽

Mehdi Goudarzi ◽

Shirin Lawaf ◽

Arash Rahimi

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

In Vitro Comparison

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Dermoscopic Features of Toenail Onychomycosis

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association ◽

10.7547/18-102 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 110 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Noureddine Litaiem ◽

Ines Nakouri ◽

Sabrine Bouhlel ◽

Yasmine Mansour ◽

Meriem Bouchakoua ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Lichen Planus ◽

Trichophyton Rubrum ◽

Nail Plate ◽

Final Diagnosis ◽

Published Data ◽

Fungal Culture ◽

Proximal Margin ◽

Culture Positive ◽

Clinical Subtype

Background Onychomycosis is the most common infectious nail disorder. Direct mycologic examination is still the cornerstone of diagnosis; however, it may take several weeks to obtain a result. Recently some dermoscopic patterns that can be useful in the diagnosis of onychomycosis were described. However, published data on dermoscopic features of onychomycosis are still limited. Methods We performed a prospective dermoscopic study of patients with positive fungal culture between April and December 2016. Patients with a final diagnosis of psoriasis or lichen planus were excluded from the study. Dermoscopy (polarized and nonpolarized) was performed. Results Thirty-seven patients were enrolled, 24 women and 13 men (median ± SD age, 48.6 ± 16.1 years). Nail samples were culture positive for Trichophyton rubrum (89.2%), Trichophyton interdigitale (8.1%), and Candida albicans (2.7%). Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis was the most frequent clinical subtype (59.5%). The most frequent dermoscopic features were subungual keratosis (73.0%), distal subungual longitudinal striae (70.3%), spikes of the proximal margin of an onycholytic area (59.5%), transverse superficial leukonychia (29.7%), and linear hemorrhage (13.5%). Brown chromonychia was most frequently seen with nonpolarized dermoscopy (66.6% versus 24%; P = .027). Conclusions Specific dermoscopic signs of onychomycosis are mostly related to the proximal invasion of the nail plate. Detection of these signs is simple and can, in some cases, help avoid mycologic testing.

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Synergic Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with Methylene Blue and Surfactants in the Inhibition of Candida albicans

Mycopathologia ◽

10.1007/s11046-012-9601-4 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 175 (1-2) ◽

pp. 159-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Juliana Pereira Lyon ◽

Rafael Reis Rezende ◽

Mariana Penido Rabelo ◽

Carlos José de Lima ◽

Leonardo Marmo Moreira

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Synergic Effect

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Fungal lesions of the nail plate in patients from the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship - analysis and discussion of the results of studies carried out in 2014 - 2019

Medycyna Doświadczalna i Mikrobiologia ◽

10.32394/mdm.72.05 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 41-45

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Candida Parapsilosis ◽

Trichophyton Rubrum ◽

Nail Plate ◽

Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ◽

Etiologic Agent ◽

Etiological Factors ◽

Positive Results

Introduction: The aim of the study was to analyze the results of mycological cultures obtained in the years 2014-2019. The study included an analysis of the incidence of mycosis with regard to their location, as well as the proportion of individual etiological factors in the infection. Methods: The study included materials from 999 patients who gave a total of 1103 cultures. The material was taken directly from the material and mycological cultures were established. Results: Positive results accounted for 35,8%. Trichophyton rubrum (44.2%) was the most common etiologic agent of dermatophytes. Among the yeast-like fungi, Candida albicans (8.8%) and Candida parapsilosis (7,6%) were the most common. Conclusions: Infectious lesions were mainly caused by dermatophytes, where Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes dominated.

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Photoinactivation of Candida albicans using methylene blue as photosensitizer

RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia ◽

10.1590/1981-863720150003000063028 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 411-417 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

João Nilton Lopes de SOUSA ◽

Bruna Honório de QUEIROGA ◽

Patrícia de Oliveira KOCERGINSKY ◽

Petrusk Homero Campos MARINHO ◽

Ângela Toshie ARAKI

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Planktonic Cells ◽

Power Laser ◽

Antifungal Effect ◽

Microtiter Plates ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Laser Control ◽

Fungal Suspension

Objective: To evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy in the inactivation of Candida albicans planktonic cells, using methylene blue, 150 mg/mL, as a photosensitizer. Methods: Aliquots of 100 (μg/mL of the fungal suspension in a 106 cells/mL concentration were seeded in microtiter plates with 96 wells, where the same volume of methylene blue was deposited, remaining for 5 min pre-irradiation. Then, the low power laser light was applied (wavelength: 660 nm, power: 100 mW and dose: 426 J/cm2) for 128s using a portable semiconductor laser. Control experiments were performed without illumination and in the absence of methylene blue, and another in the presence of methylene blue without illumination and with illumination, replacing the photosensitizer by saline. In each experimental condition, serial dilutions (10-1 to 10-3) were obtained and 25 μL aliquots were seeded in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar duplicate. After this period, the number of colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) was determined and the data were submitted to variance analysis and Kruskal Wallis test (p <0.05). Results: At the concentration of 150 μg/mL, and time of 5 min incubation, the reduction was significant (p˂0.05). In the absence of irradiation, methylene blue produced no reduction in CFU/mL. Conclusion: Photodynamic Therapy presented antifungal effect against Candida albicans and can be used as an adjunct to conventional treatment.

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Gold nanoparticles enhance methylene blue– induced photodynamic therapy: a novel therapeutic approach to inhibit Candida albicans biofilm

International Journal of Nanomedicine ◽

10.2147/ijn.s31219 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 3245 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Asad Khan ◽

Khan ◽

Azam ◽

Alam

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Gold Nanoparticles ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Therapeutic Approach ◽

Novel Therapeutic

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Endonyx toenail onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum: treatment with photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue dye

Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia ◽

10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132180 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 88 (6) ◽

pp. 1019-1021 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Linton Wallis Figueiredo Souza ◽

Simone Vilas Trancoso Souza ◽

Ana Cristina de Carvalho Botelho

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Methylene Blue ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Energy Density ◽

Light Emission ◽

Trichophyton Rubrum ◽

Blue Dye ◽

Methylene Blue Dye ◽

Preliminary Study

This study shows the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue dye for the treatment of endonyx toenail onychomycosis. Four patients with endonyx onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum were treated with 2% methylene blue aqueous solution irradiated with light emission diode at 630 nm and an energy density of 36 J/cm2 for 6 months at 2-week intervals. The preliminary study showed the effectiveness of this therapy in the treatment of endonyx onychomycosis, and also indicated that the disease can be caused by T. rubrum.

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A New In Vitro Model to Evaluate Anti-Adhesive Effect against Fungal Nail Infections

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11051977 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 1977

Author(s):

Paola Perugini ◽

Margherita Bonetti ◽

Marta Guerini ◽

Giorgio Musitelli ◽

Pietro Grisoli

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Social Life ◽

In Vitro Model ◽

Trichophyton Rubrum ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Nail Plate ◽

Negative Control ◽

Pharmaceutical Product ◽

Vitro Model

Nail fungal infection is often mistakenly considered a minor issue or a purely esthetic problem that is not worth solving. However, onychomycosis has been demonstrated to have a negative impact on a patient’s social life. Therefore, given the poor efficacy of various therapy types, there is strong interest in exploring new methods for evaluating antifungal treatments. As such, the aim of this work was to develop a new protocol, using bovine hoof membranes as a model of the human nail to evaluate the capability of a product claiming to prevent fungal adhesion, which is the first step of the infection. In this work, two specific and representative fungal strains, Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans, were used. In order to evaluate the possible protective activity of a product against fungal contamination of the nail plate, it was first necessary to test the affinity of the hoof membranes to be contaminated by the fungi. Then, a pharmaceutical product and a base coat were tested as a positive and negative control, respectively, by introducing the membranes (anti-fungal, basic or no treatment and single vs. multiple treatments) into the fungal suspensions for three different contact times (15 min, 5 h and 24 h). The results showed that the more significant antiadhesive effect (AE) was obtained against Trichophyton rubrum than against Candida albicans. Furthermore, taking into account the results obtained at all testing times, 5 h appeared to be the best time for testing the antiadhesive activity. The results obtained after three treatments with drugs and on washed membranes, in comparison to one single application of antifungal product (AP), demonstrated clearly that the drug was able to penetrate deeper into the membranes to exert itself, even after washing and also after only 15 min of contact. Thus, hoof membrane has been shown to be a valuable in vitro model for this kind of product assessment.

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Photodynamic Inactivation of Candida albicans in Blood Plasma and Whole Blood

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics8040221 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 221 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Vera Sousa ◽

Ana T. P. C. Gomes ◽

Américo Freitas ◽

Maria A. F. Faustino ◽

Maria G. P. M. S. Neves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Blood Plasma ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Photodynamic Inactivation ◽

Blood Components

The few approved disinfection techniques for blood derivatives promote damage in the blood components, representing risks for the transfusion receptor. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) seems to be a promising approach for the photoinactivation of pathogens in blood, but only three photosensitizers (PSs) have been approved, methylene blue (MB) for plasma and riboflavin and amotosalen for plasma and platelets. In this study, the efficiency of the porphyrinic photosensitizer Tri-Py(+)-Me and of the porphyrinic formulation FORM was studied in the photoinactivation of Candida albicans in plasma and in whole blood and the results were compared to the ones obtained with the already approved PS MB. The results show that FORM and Tri-Py(+)-Me are promising PSs to inactivate C. albicans in plasma. Although in whole blood the inactivation rates obtained were higher than the ones obtained with MB, further improvements are required. None of these PSs had promoted hemolysis at the isotonic conditions when hemolysis was evaluated in whole blood and after the addition of treated plasma with these PSs to concentrates of red blood cells.

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