Cytological Study of Cypripedium japonicum Thunb. (Orchidaceae Juss.): An Endangered Species from Korea

Changes in chromosome number and karyotype evolution are important to plant diversification, as they are both major drivers of speciation processes. Herein, chromosome number, karyotype, and genome size of the Korean lady’s slipper orchid Cypripedium japonicum Thunb., an endangered species, were investigated in natural populations. Furthermore, all cytological data from this species are reported herein for the first time. The chromosome number of all investigated C. japonicum plants was diploid (2n = 2x = 22), with x = 11 as base chromosome number, whereby the species can now be clearly distinguished from the Japanese lady’s slipper orchid. The karyotypes of all studied individuals were of similar length, symmetrical, and rather unimodal. Flow cytometry of the C. japonicum revealed that the genome size ranged from 28.38 to 30.14 pg/1C. Data on chromosome number and karyotypes were largely consistent with previous results indicating that Korean (x = 11) populations of C. japonicum are more closely related to Chinese populations (x = 11) compared to Japanese (x = 10) populations. These comprehensive cytological results will benefit the efforts to discriminate the geographically isolated and endangered Eastern Asian (China, Japan, and Korea) lady’s slipper orchid species.

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Genome Size Estimation of Callipogon relictus Semenov (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an Endangered Species and a Korea Natural Monument

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12020111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 111

Author(s):

Yun-Sang Yu ◽

Soyeong Jin ◽

Namjoon Cho ◽

Jongok Lim ◽

Cheol-Hak Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endangered Species ◽

Genome Size ◽

Accurate Estimation ◽

Size Estimation ◽

Genome Size Evolution ◽

Size Evolution ◽

Longhorn Beetle ◽

Natural Monument ◽

First Time

We estimated the genome size of a relict longhorn beetle, Callipogon relictus Semenov (Cerambycidae: Prioninae)—the Korean natural monument no. 218 and a Class I endangered species—using a combination of flow cytometry and k-mer analysis. The two independent methods enabled accurate estimation of the genome size in Cerambycidae for the first time. The genome size of C. relictus was 1.8 ± 0.2 Gb, representing one of the largest cerambycid genomes studied to date. An accurate estimation of genome size of a critically endangered longhorned beetle is a major milestone in our understanding and characterization of the C. relictus genome. Ultimately, the findings provide useful insight into insect genomics and genome size evolution, particularly among beetles.

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Genome size, chromosome number, and rDNA organisation in Algerian populations of Artemisia herba-alba (Asteraceae), a basic plant for animal feeding facing overgrazing erosion

Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid ◽

10.3989/ajbm.2415 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 043

Author(s):

Youcef Bougoutaia ◽

Sònia Garcia ◽

Teresa Garnatje ◽

Meriem Kaid-Harche ◽

Joan Vallès

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Genome Size ◽

In Situ Hybridisation ◽

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Rdna Genes ◽

Basic Plant ◽

Tetraploid Cytotypes ◽

First Time

Artemisia herba-alba is a largely-distributed and often landscape-dominating taxon in arid areas of the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions. In Algeria, in 2010 its communities covered 10% of the steppe territory, but its populations have been subjected to overgrazing. A karyological study based on 22 populations together with a cytogenetic characterisation of this species has been performed for the first time in Algerian materials, through genome size and chromosome number determination. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was also used to assess the rDNA loci number and distribution in the two ploidy levels detected. The studied accessions are diploid (2n = 2x = 18 chromosomes, 6 populations) or tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36 chromosomes, 15 populations). One population, occupying a more or less central geographic position among the studied area, presented both cytotypes. Genome size reflects well the two ploidy levels, with no evidence of downsizing with polyploidy. The karyotypes are rather symmetric (2A Stebbins’ class). FISH analyses detected four signals (2 loci) in diploid and eight signals (4 loci) in tetraploid cytotypes for both ribosomal DNA genes, which present an L-type (linked) organisation, i.e. with loci from both rDNA genes colocalised. The presence of two ploidy levels suggest a genomic dynamism and even a possible differentiation underlying the morphological uniformity and despite the dramatic decrease experienced by this plant in Algeria in terms of surface coverage.

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Cytotaxonomy of the Festuca spp. from Patagonia

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b92-140 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 1134-1140 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jorge Dubcovsky ◽

Arturo J. Martínez

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Chromosome Number ◽

Key Words ◽

Distance Matrix ◽

Chromosome Size ◽

Size And Shape ◽

Cytological Data ◽

Vegetative Characters ◽

First Time

Chromosome number and karyotypes of Festuca argentina (2n = 28), Festuca magellanica (2n = 42 and 2n = 56), and Festuca purpurascens (2n = 42) are described here for the first time, as well as new data on the karyotype of Festuca contracta (2n = 42). Multivariate analysis based on chromosome size and shape showed significant (p < 0.05) differences among these species but not among the populations of F. magellanica analyzed. The correlation between a distance matrix among all the Patagonian species based on nine karyotype parameters and one based on morphoreproductive characters was significant (r = 0.60, p < 0.01) but it was not significant when compared with vegetative characters (r = 0.25, p > 0.05). The morphoreproductive and cytological data supported the classification of the Patagonian species in four different subgenera reflecting that the Patagonian Festuca spp. had different phylogenetic origins. Key words: Festuca, karyotype, cytotaxonomy.

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Genome Size, Chromosome Number and Morphological Data Reveal Unexpected Infraspecific Variability in Festuca (Poaceae)

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12060906 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 906

Author(s):

Gloria Martínez-Sagarra ◽

Sílvia Castro ◽

Lucie Mota ◽

João Loureiro ◽

Juan A. Devesa

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Genome Size ◽

Ploidy Level ◽

Morphological Data ◽

Chromosome Counting ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

2C Dna Content ◽

Number Counts ◽

First Time ◽

Evolutionary Role

Polyploidy has played an important evolutionary role in the genus Festuca (Poaceae), and several ploidy levels (ranging from 2n = 2x = 14 to 2n = 12x = 84) have been detected to date. This study aimed to estimate the genome size and ploidy level of two subspecies belonging to the F. yvesii polyploid complex by flow cytometry and chromosome counting. The phenotypic variation of the cytotypes was also explored, based on herbarium material. The genome size of F. yvesii subsp. lagascae has been estimated for the first time. Nuclear 2C DNA content of F. yvesii subsp. summilusitana ranged from 21.44 to 31.91 pg, while that of F. yvesii subsp. lagascae was from 13.60 to 22.31 pg. We report the highest ploidy level detected for Festuca (2n = 14x = 98) and previously unknown cytotypes. A positive correlation between holoploid genome size and chromosome number counts shown herein was confirmed. The morphometric approach showed a slight trend towards an increase in the size of some organs consistent with the variation in the ploidy level. Differences in characters were usually significant only among the most extreme cytotypes of each subspecies, but, even in this case, the high overlapping ranges prevent their distinction.

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CYTOGENETICS OF CHILEAN FISHES: A COMMENTED DATABASE

BIOCYT Biología Ciencia y Tecnología ◽

10.22201/fesi.20072082.2011.4.75960 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (13-16) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pedro Jara-Seguel ◽

Gladys Lara ◽

María Paz García ◽

Iván Valdebenito

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Genome Size ◽

Fish Species ◽

Dna Sequences ◽

Fish Diversity ◽

Cytogenetic Data ◽

Cytogenetic Studies ◽

Karyotype Morphology ◽

First Time ◽

Cytogenetic Methods

<p>A database containing data from cytogenetic studies of Chilean fish species is documented for the first time. The cytogenetic data compiled for Chilean fishes include 28 species belonging to 11 families, 9 orders and 16 genera, taking as reference 18 publications since 1972. The application of a variety of cytogenetic methods has provided information on chromosome number, karyotype morphology, genome size, and /or location of different DNA sequences. These data represent only ca. 2.7% of Chile’s fish diversity.</p>

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Genetic and cytogenetic structure of wild lemon grass (Elionurus muticus ) populations

Cropp Breeding and Applied Biotechnology ◽

10.1590/1984-70332015v15n4a45 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 272-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Thanise Nogueira Füller ◽

Divanilde Guerra¹ ◽

Maria Teresa Schifino Wittmann ◽

Carolina Tessele ◽

Ingrid Bergman Inchausti de Barros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Genetic Characterization ◽

Natural Populations ◽

High Variability ◽

Lemon Grass ◽

Pampa Biome ◽

Karyotype Formula ◽

First Time ◽

Aromatic Grass ◽

Regular Meiosis

Abstract Elionurus muticus is a native aromatic grass from the Pampa biome that produces an essential oil that is rich in citral. Despite the importance of citral, few studies have examined this species. The aims of this work were to evaluate the genetic structure and to characterize cytogenetically natural populations collected from Brazil. Genetic characterization was performed using AFLP markers, and cytogenetics assessed the chromosome number, karyotype and meiosis. The studied populations had genetic variability, especially within populations, indicating the possibility of selecting plants with relevant characters. High variability also suggests the preferential occurrence of outcrossing in natural populations. Regular meiosis was observed in the cytogenetic analysis with chromosome number 2n=20. The karyotype of the species is presented for the first time, with the karyotype formula 3sm + 4a + 1saSAT.

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Breeding system and genome size of the rhabdocoel turbellarian Mesostoma ehrenbergii

Genome ◽

10.1139/g90-108 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 719-724 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Paul D. N. Hebert ◽

Margaret J. Beaton

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Genome Size ◽

Breeding System ◽

New World ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Resting Eggs ◽

Chromosome Counts ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Self Fertilization ◽

European Populations

Rhabdocoel turbellarians, such as Mesostoma ehrenbergii, are hermaphrodites which produce both subitaneous and resting eggs. Both genotypic frequencies in natural populations as well as parent–offspring genotypes at a polymorphic allozyme locus confirm that, under natural conditions, M. ehrenbergii produces subitaneous eggs via self-fertilization and resting eggs probably by outcrossing. Chromosome counts show, contrary to an earlier report, that North American populations of the species possess the same chromosome number as European populations. However, other karyotypic differences do exist between Old World and New World populations. DNA quantification studies revealed that M. ehrenbergii possesses one of the largest haploid genome sizes (14.8 pg) yet reported for an invertebrate. Among organisms showing similar genome size, this species appears to be unique for its rapid developmental rate.Key words: Turbellaria, allozyme, breeding system, genome size, cytogenetics, selfing.

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Chromosome numbers and the taxonomy of North American Agalinis (Scrophulariaceae)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b84-068 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 454-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Judith M. Canne

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

North American ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Base Number ◽

Chromosome Counts ◽

Base Chromosome Number ◽

First Time

Chromosome counts are provided for 25 populations representing 18 species of Agalinis Raf. Chromosome numbers are reported for the first time for A. pinetorum, A. laxa, A. acuta, A. gattingeri, and A. skinneriana. The base chromosome number for section Linifoliae, section Heterophyllae, section Purpureae subsections Purpureae and Setaceae, and section Tenuifoliae is established at x = 14. Section Erectae and section Purpureae subsection Pedunculares have a base number of x = 13.

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Karyotype analysis of Aeluropus species (Poaceae)

Turczaninowia ◽

10.14258/turczaninowia.24.2.10 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 88-92

Author(s):

Maryam Keshavarzi ◽

Samaneh Mosaferi ◽

Fatemeh Abivardi

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Karyotype Analysis ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Chromosome Counts ◽

Gene Manipulation ◽

Genetic Source ◽

Coastal Marshlands ◽

Base Chromosome Number ◽

First Time

Aeluropus, a member of Poaceae subfam. Chloridoideae, includes six species, three of which occur in Iran. They are perennial halophytes of deserts and coastal marshlands of Iran. The genus is considered as a rich genetic source for gene manipulation and using it for crop improvement. Previous studies showed that members of Chloridoideae have small chromosomes and the base chromosome number n = 10. There are few chromosome records for Aeluropus species. Somatic metaphases of seven populations of three Aeluropus species were studied. The first chromosome counts (2n = 20) based on Iranian material for three species, A. macrostachyus, A. littoralis and A. lagopoides, are concordant with previous records outside Iran; mitotic number for A. macrostachyus is recorded here for the first time.

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Dwindling status of Epimedium Elatum (Morren & Decne) and its geographical distribution in Kashmir Himalaya, India

Current Botany ◽

10.25081/cb.2018.v9.20180106 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 47-52

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Culture Techniques ◽

Kashmir Himalayas ◽

Near Future ◽

First Time ◽

Tissue Culture Techniques

Epimedium elatum (Morren & Decne) of family Berberidaceace is a rare perennial medicinal plant, endemic to high altitude forests of Northwestern Himalayas in India. Ethnobotanically, it has been used as an ingredient for treatment of bone-joint disorders, impotence and kidney disorders in Kashmir Himalayas. Phytochemically, it is rich in Epimedin ABC and Icariin; all of these have been demonstrated to possess remarkable biological activities like PDE-5 inhibition (treatment of erectile dysfunction), anticancer, antiosteoporosis antioxidant and antiviral properties. The present investigation reports its traditional usage, comprehensive distribution and conservation status from twenty ecogeographical regions in Kashmir Himalayas, India. The species was reported from Gurez valley for the first time. Numerous threats like excessive grazing, deforestration, habitat fragmentation, tourism encroachment, landslides and excessive exploitation have decreased its natural populations in most of the surveyed habitats. Consequently, its existence may become threatened in near future if timely conservation steps are not taken immediately by concerned stakeholders involved in medicinal plant research. Moreover, use of plant tissue culture techniques is recommended for development of its in vitro propagation protocols. Therefore, introduction of this medicinal plant in botanical gardens, protected sites and development of monitoring programmes are needed for its immediate conservation in Northwestern Himalayas, India.

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