scholarly journals Use of Natural Products on the Control of Aspergillus flavus and Production of Aflatoxins In Vitro and on Tomato Fruit

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2553
Author(s):  
Mario Alberto Segura-Palacios ◽  
Zormy Nacary Correa-Pacheco ◽  
Maria Luisa Corona-Rangel ◽  
Ollin Celeste Martinez-Ramirez ◽  
Dolores Azucena Salazar-Piña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Vegetable Products ◽  
Citrus Seed ◽  
Resin Extract

Aspergillus flavus affects fresh and dry fruit and vegetable products, and its toxic metabolites, namely aflatoxins, cause serious damage in humans. The objective of this research study was to evaluate the effect of commercial natural products as well as edible and nanostructured chitosan coatings on the development of A. flavus and on the production of aflatoxins in vitro and in tomato. Treatments were as follows: chitosan 1%, chitosan coating, chitosan nanostructured coating, Citrocover 1% (citrus seed extract), Resinadher 0.5% (pine resin extract), mancozeb 2%, and water. The variables were as follows: halo inhibition, spore production, and aflatoxins content. In fruit, the following were evaluated: disease incidence, mycelial growth, and aflatoxin production. An ANOVA (Tukey: p < 0.05) was used. In vitro results showed that Citrocover and Resinadher reduced sporulation (0.2 and 0.9 × 105 spores mL−1, respectively), while chitosan inhibited the production of aflatoxins. With Resinadher and Citrocover, tomato fruit had the lowest incidence, mycelial growth, and aflatoxin production with corresponding values of 0%, 0.0 cm2, and 0.95 ppb, respectively, and 7%, 0.2 cm2, and 1.77 ppb, respectively. The use of Citrocover and Resinadher could be a viable alternative to decrease the development of A. flavus in tomato fruit.

Inhibition of Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi by Welsh Onion Extracts

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. FAN ◽  
J. H. CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Welsh Onion ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Yeast Extract Sucrose

Welsh onion ethanol extracts were tested for their inhibitory activity against the growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. The survival of spores of A. flavus and A. parasiticus depended on both the extract concentration and the exposure time of the spores to the Welsh onion extracts. The mycelial growth of two tested fungi cultured on yeast extract–sucrose broth was completely inhibited in the presence of the Welsh onion ethanol extract at a concentration of 10 mg/ml during 30 days of incubation at 25°C. The extracts added to the cultures also inhibited aflatoxin production at a concentration of 10 mg/ml or permitted only a small amount of aflatoxin production with extract concentration of 5 mg/ml after 2 weeks of incubation. Welsh onion ethanol extracts showed more pronounced inhibitory effects against the two tested aflatoxin-producing fungi than did the same added levels of the preservatives sorbate and propionate at pH values near 6.5.

Effects of Potassium Sorbate on Growth and Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus1

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 940-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
LLOYD B. BULLERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Mycelial Mass ◽  
Yeast Extract Sucrose

Growth and aflatoxin production by selected strains of Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus in the presence of potassium sorbate at 12°C were studied. Potassium sorbate at 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% delayed or prevented spore germination and initiation of growth, and slowed growth of these organisms in yeast-extract sucrose broth at 12°C. Increasing concentrations of sorbate caused more variation in the amount of total mycelial growth and generally resulted in a decrease in total mycelial mass. Potassium sorbate also greatly reduced or prevented production of aflatoxin B1 by A. parasiticus and A. flavus for up to 70 d at 12°C. At 0.10 and 0.15% of sorbate, aflatoxin production was essentially eliminated. A 0.05% sorbate, aflatoxin production was greatly decreased in A. flavus over the control, but only slightly decreased in A. parasiticus.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus saprophyticus L-38 produces volatile 3,3-dimethyl-1,2-epoxybutane with strong inhibitory activity against Aspergillus flavus germination and aflatoxin production

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. Gong ◽  
G.J. Sun ◽  
Z.Y. Zhao ◽  
Y.C. Liao ◽  
J.B. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Total Peak Area ◽  
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus

Controlling proliferation and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus is a pressing challenge for global food safety and security. Marine bacterium Staphylococcus saprophyticus strain L-38 showed excellent antifungal activity toward A. flavus in vitro and in vivo. In sealed, non-contact confrontation assays, L-38 completely inhibited conidial germination and mycelial growth of A. flavus through the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 3,3-dimethyl-1,2-epoxybutane (3-DE) as the most abundant VOC (32.61% of total peak area, 78% matching). Exposure of A. flavus cultures to synthetic 3-DE similarly demonstrated strong inhibition of growth. Moreover, culture of L-38 in a sealed chamber with maize or peanuts artificially inoculated with A. flavus, at high water activity, resulted in significant inhibition of A. flavus germination and aflatoxin biosynthesis. Scanning electron microscopy of these samples revealed severe damage to conidial cells and hyphae compared to samples not exposed to L-38. L-38 also showed broad and effective antifungal activity toward eight other phytopathogenic fungi including Aspergillus niger, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium graminearum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria alternata, Monilinia fructicola, and Botrytis cinerea. This work introduces S. saprophyticus L-38 as a potential biocontrol agent and demonstrates the efficacy of the volatile 3-DE in the control of A. flavus and other destructive plant pathogens for post-harvest food safety.

scholarly journals Control of Sphaeropsis Rot in Stored Apple Fruit Caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens with Postharvest Fungicides

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 1075-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Xiao ◽  
Y. K. Kim ◽  
R. J. Boal
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Sphaeropsis Rot

Sphaeropsis rot caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens is a recently reported postharvest fruit rot disease of apple grown in Washington State. The objective of this study was to develop chemical-based mitigation measures for Sphaeropsis rot in stored apple fruit. To determine in vitro sensitivity of S. pyriputrescens to the three registered postharvest fungicides thiabendazole, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil, 30 isolates of S. pyriputrescens obtained from various sources were tested for mycelial growth and conidial germination on fungicide-amended media. Golden Delicious apple fruit were inoculated with the pathogen in the orchard at 2 or 5 weeks before harvest. After harvest, fruit were either nontreated or dipped in thiabendazole, fludioxonil, or pyrimethanil solutions, stored at 0°C, and monitored for decay development for up to 9 months after harvest. The mean effective concentration of a fungicide that inhibits mycelial growth or spore germination by 50% relative to the nonamended control (EC50) values of thiabendazole, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil on mycelial growth were 0.791, 0.0005, and 2.829 μg/ml, respectively. Fludioxonil and pyrimethanil also were effective in inhibiting conidial germination of the fungus with EC50 values of 0.02 μg/ml for fludioxonil and 5.626 μg/ml for pyrimethanil. All three postharvest fungicides applied at label rates immediately after harvest were equally effective in controlling Sphaeropsis rot in stored apple fruit, reducing disease incidence by 92 to 100% compared with the nontreated control. The results indicated that Sphaeropsis rot may be effectively controlled by the currently registered postharvest fungicides thiabendazole, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil.

scholarly journals Rice Phyllosphere Bacillus Species and Their Secreted Metabolites Suppress Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production In Vitro and In Maize Seeds

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subbaiah Chalivendra ◽  
Catherine DeRobertis ◽  
Jorge Reyes Pineda ◽  
Jong Ham ◽  
Kenneth Damann
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Maize Seeds

scholarly journals POTENTIAL OF PLANT EXTRACTS AND FUNGICIDES FOR MANAGING FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SPLYCOPERSICI

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gul B. Poussio ◽  
Manzoor A. Abro ◽  
Jamal U. D. Hajano ◽  
Muhammad I. Khaskheli ◽  
Khalid I. Rajput ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
Causal Fungus

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL) is a highly destructive fungal pathogen of tomato crop causing wilt disease which may reduce 10 to 90% yield. In Pakistan, tomato is widely grown in Sindh province, major territories are district Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar and Mirpurkhas. Thus, surveys of these territories were conducted to record intensity of the disease and confirm etiology. Furthermore, potential of different botanical pesticides and commercially available fungicides were tested to inhibit mycelial growth of the causal fungus. The experiment was laid down with complete randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that the disease was occurring in all locations with the range of 8-47 % incidence. F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici was predominantly isolated from the collected disease sample during survey and pathogenic nature of the fungus was tested on the tomato Golo variety through soil drenching method. The disease incidence of 30 and 42 % (72 % as total) was recorded in inoculated tomato plants at 20 and 40 DAI, respectively. Maximum (67 %) inhibition of the fungal growth was found by neem seed extracts at higher dose of 8 % concentration followed by 63 % with neem seeds and Eucalyptus at 6 and 8 %, respectively. Alternatively, the Nativo 75 WG fungicide was found most effective in reducing the redial mycelial growth of target fungus followed by Topsin-M at 1000 ppm where as Aliette and Melodedue fungicides were found least effective under in-vitro conditions.

scholarly journals Estimation of the antifungal activity of some preparations against Diaporthe eres under in vitro conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Dorota Król ◽  
Barbara Anna Abramczyk ◽  
Beata Zimowska ◽  
Ewa Dorota Zalewska
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Chemical Groups

Six fungicides from various chemical groups and two natural products, i.e., Biosept Active (grapefruit extract) and Beta-Chikol (chitosan) were tested in vitro against <em>Diaporthe eres</em> isolated from the shoots of fruit trees. The preparations were incorporated in PDA medium to provide final fungicide concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 g cm<sup>−3</sup>. Biosept Active concentrations of 0.05%, 0.075%, and 0.1%, and Beta-Chikol concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 2.5%, respectively. The antifungal activity of the preparations was evaluated based on mycelial growth of <em>D. eres</em> strains after 4 and 8 days of culture and changes in the morphological structures of the fungus. The highest antifungal activity was registered for thiophanate-methyl at all tested concentrations, followed by thiram, which showed the same activity but only at 100 g cm<sup>−3</sup>. Among the preparations of natural origin, Beta-Chikol was more effective against <em>D. eres</em> than Biosept Active. The effects achieved by the former preparation were comparable with those achieved by some of the most effective fungicides tested against <em>D. eres</em>.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Effect of Satureja montana and Origanum virens Essential Oils on Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production at Different Water Activities

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta García-Díaz ◽  
Jessica Gil-Serna ◽  
Belén Patiño ◽  
Esther García-Cela ◽  
Naresh Magan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Mycotoxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Satureja Montana

Aflatoxin contamination of foodstuffs poses a serious risk to food security, and it is essential to search for new control methods to prevent these toxins entering the food chain. Several essential oils are able to reduce the growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis of toxigenic species, although their efficiency is strongly influenced by the environmental conditions. In this work, the effectiveness of Satureja montana and Origanum virens essential oils to control Aspergillus flavus growth was evaluated under three water activity levels (0.94, 0.96 and 0.98 aw) using a Bioscreen C, a rapid in vitro spectrophotometric technique. The aflatoxin concentrations at all conditions tested were determined by HPLC-FLD. Aspergillus flavus growth was delayed by both essential oil treatments. However, only S. montana essential oil was able to significantly affect aflatoxin production, although the inhibition percentages widely differed among water activities. The most significant reduction was observed at 0.96 aw, which is coincident with the conditions in which A. flavus reached the highest levels of aflatoxin production. On the contrary, the treatment with S. montana essential oil was not effective in significantly reducing aflatoxin production at 0.94 aw. Therefore, it is important to study the interaction of the new control compounds with environmental factors before their application in food matrices, and in vitro ecophysiological studies are a good option since they provide accurate and rapid results.

Inhibition of Growth and Aflatoxin Production of Aspergilli in Medium Containing Phosphates

1989 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. I. LEBRON ◽  
R. A. MOLINS ◽  
H. W. WALKER ◽  
A. A. KRAFT ◽  
H. M. STAHR
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Sodium Polyphosphate ◽  
Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate

Mycelial growth and mycotoxin production of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus were studied in Sabouraud dextrose agar containing pure or blended pyro-, poly- or meta-phosphates during 9 d of incubation at 30°C. Pure tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) and sodium polyphosphate, glassy (SPG, formerly hexametaphosphate), as well as a commercial phosphate blend and three combinations all containing various proportions of sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), TSPP and SPG were tested. Inhibition of growth of aspergilli was observed in media containing 2.0% TSPP and 1.0 and 2.0% SPG and 2.0% of the commercial phosphate blend. Lower concentrations of single or blended phosphates allowed only limited, atypical mycelial growth. Sporulation was totally inhibited by 2.0% concentrations of single or blended phosphates, and so was production of aflatoxins B1 and G1. TSPP or SPG at 1.0% reduced (P&lt;0.05) aflatoxin production from parts per million (controls) to parts per billion.

scholarly journals Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3251 Growth, Oxidative Status, and Aflatoxins Production Ability In Vitro under Different Illumination Regimes

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tihomir Kovač ◽  
Bojan Šarkanj ◽  
Biljana Crevar ◽  
Marija Kovač ◽  
Ante Lončarić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Light Illumination ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Experimental Strains ◽  
Oxidative Species

Aspergillus flavus is the most important mycotoxin-producing fungus involved in the global episodes of aflatoxin B1 contamination of crops at both the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. However, in order to effectively control aflatoxin contamination in crops using antiaflatoxigenic and/or antifungal compounds, some of which are photosensitive, a proper understanding of the photo-sensitive physiology of potential experimental strains need to be documented. The purpose of the study is therefore to evaluate the effect of visible (VIS) light illumination on growth and conidiation, aflatoxin production ability and modulation of A. flavus oxidative status during in vitro experiment. Aflatoxigenic A. flavus strain was inoculated in aflatoxin-inducing YES media and incubated under three different VIS illumination regimes during a 168 h growth period at 29 °C. VIS illumination reduced A. flavus mycelia biomass yield, both during growth on plates and in liquid media, promoted conidiation and increased the aflatoxin production. Furthermore, aflatoxin production increased with increased reactive oxidative species (ROS) levels at 96 h of growth, confirming illumination-driven oxidative stress modulation activity on A. flavus cells.

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