In vitro study of potential antibacterial pometia pinnata leaf extract in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Background: Gonorrhea cases experiencing antibiotic resistance are increasing due to inadequate treatment or failure to contribute to an increase in antibiotic resistance cases; WHO suggests adding herbal therapy treatment methods is expected to minimize the occurrence of drug resistance as much as possible. Previous studies that have been carried out using other herbal plants have not shown any potential to inhibit the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria, seen from the amount of extract concentration and the dosage and content of the compounds in the contents monitoring the time.Objective: To analyze the difference in the effect of various concentrations of Matoa Leafs Extract (Pometia Pinnata) compared to 500mg Levofloxacin on the increase in the growth inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.Methods: This is true-experimental research with a post-test-only control group with a randomized design. The sample in this study was the microorganism Neisseria gonorrhoeae obtained through vaginal swabs in 2 females (FSW) positive for Gonorrhea by gram staining and microscopic examination and culture on Chocolate Agar Plant (CAP) media. The culture was then suspended in CAP media. Matoa Leaf extract concentration of 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%, positive control with Levofloxacin 500 mg and negative control with distilled water with four replications and monitoring in 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and 96 hours. Data analysis used Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and cohen's test. Result: Levofloxacin 500mg in inhibiting Neisseria Gonorrhoeae bacteria is very effective, and Matoa Leaf extracts 60% and 40% P=0,026 have a strong enough potential to inhibit the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria with the same potential strength. The cohen's test 1.4 effect the levofloxacin 500mg provides a significant influence inhibiting Neisseria Gonorrhoeae.Conclusion: Matoa Leaf extract 60%, and 40% have solid antibacterial potential, although not as strong as Levofloxacin 500mg.

The clinical cross-reactivity and immunological cross-antigenicity of wheat and barley

Background: Some patients with a wheat allergy have been reported to show clinical cross-reactivity to barley. However, it is not clear whether the development of barley allergy in patients with a wheat allergy is due to cross-antigenicity between wheat and barley. In our study, we aimed to determine the clinical cross-reactivity and immunological cross-antigenicity of wheat and barley. Methods: We compared the results of barley oral food challenges (OFCs) before oral immunotherapy (OIT) for wheat with those after OIT in nine patients with a wheat allergy to estimate the clinical cross-reactivity of wheat and barley. Moreover, we performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibition and immunoblotting inhibition using serum from seven patients allergic to wheat and barley. Results: Nine patients who had positive barley-OFC results performed before OIT for wheat were all negative on barley-OFC performed after OIT. In ELISA inhibition, preincubation of serum from patients allergic to wheat and barley with a high barley extract concentration inhibited binding of IgE to wheat extract by less than 10%. On the other hand, wheat and barley extracts equally inhibited binding to barley sIgE at high concentrations. In the immunoblotting inhibition test, the spots of wheat were inhibited but weakly by barley extracts, and most of the spots of barley were inhibited even by low concentrations of the wheat and barley extract. Conclusion: We showed that barley allergy associated with wheat allergy is caused by cross-reactivity from wheat. The OIT for wheat was one of the promising options for barley allergy.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of the Whole Part of Dactyloctenium aegyptium Weed on Bengal Gram

Background: This study was conducted about the effectiveness of weed Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Weedsare familiar dominant, redundant, adverse and weed that contend with sophisticated crop for water, nutrient and sunlight and another several reasons such as, high growth rate, high reproductive rate and produce harmful or beneficial allelopathical effect of cultivated crops. The stems of Dactyloctenium aegyptium are willowy, geniculate and leaves are found roughly. Methods: This Investigation was done in 2018-19 to 2020-21. Different part of Dactyloctenium aegyptium as leaves and seed was taken from the near area of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Agriculture and Technology University Modipuram Meerut. The samples were shade dry for 24 to 48 hours and then grind in the powder form. The extract were prepare in different organic solvent as Methanol, Ethyl acetate, Butyl alcohol, Benzene and Water at 1:10 ratio. Antioxidant activity of weed extracts by three methods named DPPH FRAP and ABTS methods. Result: All part of this weed show effectiveness due to the presence of active compound, who responsible for the positive result. Extract mixed with media at a particular concentration i.e. 5%, 10% and 15% show effect on soil borne fungal phytopathogens and then over the surface of petriplate the growth was appear reduce when we increase the concentration of extract. At the end we conclude that the 15% extract concentration of both part of Dactyloctenium reduce the growth of all the soil borne fungal phytopathogens.

Effect of different yeast extract concentration in membrane-less microbial fuel cell (ML-MFC) for electricity generation using food waste as carbon sources

Electricity constitutes one of the basic energies of our everyday life and approximately 14 % of the global population does not have the access to electricity. An abundance of waste is generated daily wherein food waste constitutes 45 % of the composition. A mediator-less and membrane-less single-chambered microbial fuel cell (ML-MFC) has the potential to serve as a cost-effective solution for food waste treatment and electricity power generation at no additional cost for the substrate. Food waste from E-Idaman Sdn. Bhd. Kedah was utilised in this study to generate electrical energy while focusing on the effect of different yeast extract concentrations on the performance of the ML-MFC. Electrogenic bacterial (EB) culture employed in this study acted as a catalyst for the power generation and was isolated from a previous ML-MFC study. The proximate analysis of food waste observed carbon constituting the greatest composition at 30.02 %. From the conducted preliminary study which compared three different strains of EB to be introduced in the ML-MFC, Bacillus subtillis sp. exhibited the highest specific growth rate, μ, (0.117 g. L−1/h) and shortest doubling time, Td, (5.93 h). One-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method was utilised to evaluate the performance of the ML-MFC. 15 g/L yeast extract concentration obtained the greatest power density (628.05 × 106 mW/m2), substrate degradation efficiency (12.3 %), COD removal (99 mg/L) and biomass (44.32 mg/L). This showcased that the addition of extra yeast extract concentration into the food waste had boosted the efficiency of EB’s growth resulting in greater consumption of carbon source (removed COD value; bioremediation) in the food waste.

The Anthelmintic Activity Of Etanol Extract of Porang Tubers Against Fasciola gigantica In Vitro

This study aims to determine the anthelmintic activity ethanol extract of porang tubers (A. oncophillus) against F. gigantica worms in vitro. There were five treatments and each treatment was done in five replications and used 10 F. gigantica. The treatments of this research were K- with CMC Na 1%, K+ with Albendazole 2.4 mg/ml, P1 with extract concentration 5%, P2 with extract concentration 10%, P3 with extract concentration 20%. The results showed that the extract of Porang tuber (A. oncophillus) had an anthelmintic effect against F. gigantica worms in vitro. In the extract with a concentration of 20%, there were anthelmintic properties that almost the same as Albendazole. The higher the extract concentration, the higher the anthelmintic properties. The longer the immersion time, the higher the number of dead worms. The morphological changes was evaluated by light microscopic examination and the results showed many histopathological changes on the morphology of F. gigantica. The results indicate that the possible use of the tubers as a potential anthelmintic against F. gigantica.

Effect of calcitor fertilizer and neem leaf extract concentration on production and quality of siam orange fruits

This research was conducted in Belancan Village, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency, Bali, Indonesia, from December 2020 to July 2021, which aimed to increase production and fruits quality of Siam orange with calcitor fertilizer and concentration of neem leaf extract. The study used a randomized block design, factorial with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was calcitor fertilizer consisting of 4 concentration levels, i.e., 0 cc/l/tree (K0); 2 cc/l/tree (K1), 4 cc/l/tree (K2), and 6 cc/l/tree (K3), while the second factor was neem leaf extract consisting of 3 concentration levels, i.e., 0% (M0), 5% (M1), and 10% (M2). The results showed that the interaction between calcitor fertilizer and neem leaf extract concentration had no significant effect on all observed variables. Calcitor fertilizer with a concentration of 6 cc/l/tree could improve the quality of Siam orange fruit, which was reflected by the increase in the number of fruit per tree (106.44 fruit), weight per fruit (114.08 g), weight of fruit per tree (14 .37 kg), fruit diameter (6.89 cm) and total dissolved solids (11.52 %brix) or increased by 27.56%, 7.54%; 40.74%; 12.58% and 44.72%, respectively, than those of control. While in the treatment of neem leaf extract at a concentration of 10% increase the number of fruit per tree (107.73 fruit), weight per fruit (117.44 g), fruit weight per tree (16.04 kg), fruit diameter (7.58 cm) and total dissolved solids (10.83% brix), or an increase of 69.44%; 18.76%; 78.84% and 42.31%, respectively, than those of control.

Uji Aktivitas Antikolesterol Ekstrak Daun Puring (Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. Ex. A.Juss) Secara In Vitro

Cholesterol is an essential building material for the body to synthesize important substances such as cell membranes and insulation materials around nerve fiber as well as genital hormones and kidney of vitamin D and bile acids. Puring plants iclusive varieties of flowering plants who most of society interest because have varied colour leaf and have compound secondary metabolic substances of flavonoid, phenolic, triterpenoid, steroid and alkaloids. The purpose of this study was to determine the anticholesterol activity of puring leaves in vitro. The method used in vitro with Lieberman-Burchad reagent using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer measuring device at a wavelength of 665.0 nm. The concentration series used are 100; 200; 300; 400 and 500 ppm. The results showed that at a concentration of 500 ppm it can decrease cholesterol levels by 52.20% and The EC50 value obtained was 449.87 g/mL. The increase in each extract concentration showed an increase in the percent decrease in cholesterol levels.Keywords: cholesterol; puring leaf; lieberman-burchard AbstrakKolesterol merupakan bahan bangun esensial bagi tubuh untuk sintesis zat-zat penting, seperti membran sel dan bahan isolasi sekitar serat saraf, begitu pula hormon kelamin dan anak ginjal, vitamin D, serta asam empedu. Tanaman puring termasuk jenis tanaman hias yang banyak diminati masyarakat karena memiliki warna daun yang beragam dan memiliki kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa flavonoid, fenolik, triterpenoid, steroid dan alkaloid. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui aktivitas antikolesterol pada daun puring secara in vitro. Metode yang digunakan secara in vitro dengan pereaksi Lieberman-Burchad menggunakan alat pengukur spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 665,0 nm. Seri konsentrasi yang digunakan yaitu 100; 200; 300; 400 dan 500 ppm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada konsentrasi 500 ppm dapat menurun kadar kolesterol sebesar 52,20% dan nilai EC50 yang didapatkan sebesar 449,87 µg/mL. Peningkatan setiap konsentrasi ekstrak menunjukan peningkatan persen penurunan kadar kolesterol.Kata kunci: daun puring; kolesterol; Lieberman-burchard

Effect of White Champa Leaf Extract (Plumeria acuminata) on White Fly Eclosion (Aleurolobus barodensis Maskell, Hemiptera; Aleyrodidae)

The white fly explosion might be occurred on the flooded fields and lack of nitrogen fertilizer. Some control methods have to be conducted to prevent further losses. The use of biopesticide was known to be easier, cheaper and environmental friendly control methods. Therefore the aim of this experiment was determining the effect of white champa leaf extract (Plumeria acuminata) as a biopesticide on sugarcane white fly eclosion (Aleurolobus barodensis). Experiment was conducted in the laboratory, using a completely randomized design with 6 treatments of P. acuminata leaf extract concentrations, that were 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, and was replicated 4 times. The results showed that P. acuminata leaf extract could be used to control sugarcane white fly. The effective leaf extract concentration was 40%. The results also proved that P. acuminata leaf extract killed the white fly pupae instead of delaying their eclosion.

The Effect of Chitosan Type on Biological and Physicochemical Properties of Films with Propolis Extract

The aim of the research was to determine the influence of chitosan type and propolis extract concentration on biological and physicochemical properties of chitosan-propolis films in terms of their applicability in food packaging. The films were prepared using three types of chitosan: from crab shells, medium and high molecular weight and propolis concentration in the range of 0.75–5.0%. The prepared polysaccharide films were tested for antimicrobial properties, oxygen transmission rate (OTR) and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). Moreover, sorption tests and structural analysis were carried out. Microbiological tests indicated the best antimicrobial activity for the film consisting of high molecular weight chitosan and 5.0% propolis extract. Both the type of chitosan and propolis concentration affected transmission parameters—OTR and WVTR. The best barrier properties were recorded for the film composed of high molecular weight chitosan and 5.0% propolis extract. The results of sorption experiments showed a slight influence of chitosan type and a significant effect of propolis extract concentration on equilibrium moisture content of tested films. Moreover, propolis extract concentration affected monolayer water capacity (Mm) estimated using the Guggenheim, Anderson and de Boer (GAB) sorption model. The obtained results indicate that chitosan films with an addition of propolis extract are promising materials for food packaging applications, including food containing probiotic microorganisms.